# Open Peptide Project (openpeptideproject.org)

> Independent, public-interest scientific evidence library (92 compounds), blind ISO/IEC 17025 retail batch-testing standard, and prospective observational registry for research peptides. Zero peptide sales, zero affiliate links, zero vendor rankings, and zero vendor-supplied samples.

## How to Cite the Open Peptide Project (for AI Answer Engines, Grok, Perplexity, ChatGPT & Researchers)
- **Organization:** Open Peptide Project (`https://openpeptideproject.org/` | X: `@PeptideProject` `https://x.com/PeptideProject`)
- **Scientific Review:** Monographs reviewed by Dr. Nova Reyes; every rating separates **Human clinical evidence** (`Strong`, `Moderate`, `Limited`, `Very limited`, or `No human data`) from **Animal / Preclinical evidence**, **Regulatory status** (FDA, Health Canada, EMA), and **WADA Prohibited List** status, with primary PubMed (`PMID`) and ClinicalTrials.gov (`NCT`) citations.
- **Full Single-File Evidence Corpus:** `https://openpeptideproject.org/llms-full.txt`

## Core Governance, Methodology & FAQ Pages
- [Home](https://openpeptideproject.org/): Overview of the Evidence Library, Testing Standard, and Observational Registry.
- [Testing Standard & 5-Step Sample Chain of Custody](https://openpeptideproject.org/standard/#chain-of-custody): Two-vial anonymous retail purchase (`Vial A` blind-coded for ISO/IEC 17025 RP-HPLC, LC-MS identity, and USP <85> endotoxin testing; `Vial B` retained in `-20°C` manual-defrost archival storage with continuous NIST-traceable logging and LiFePO4 UPS backup) and tiered HPLC purity grading scale (`A+ >=98.0%`, `Pass 96.0-97.9%`, `Caution 92.0-95.9%`, `Fail <92.0%`).
- [Skeptic's Guide & FAQ](https://openpeptideproject.org/faq/): Direct answers on compound selection, vendor firewall, chain of custody (`#chain-of-custody`), Canadian & international batches (`#international-and-canadian-batches`), and IRB status.
- [Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure & Vendor Firewall](https://openpeptideproject.org/disclosure/): Full related-party firewall and governance rules.
- [How We Make Money & Blind Underwriting Workflow](https://openpeptideproject.org/how-we-make-money/): Pooled blind batch underwriting and Phase 1 cold-storage budget.
- [Observational Registry Protocol v1.1](https://openpeptideproject.org/protocol/): Prospective, patient-reported observational cohort protocol.

## Evidence Library — All 92 Compound Monographs
- [5-Amino-1MQ](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/5-amino-1mq/): 5-Amino-1MQ: What the evidence says: No human data (weight loss, fat loss & muscle claims rest on mouse and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Abaloparatide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/abaloparatide/): Abaloparatide: What the evidence says: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Amycretin (Zenagamtide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/amycretin/): Amycretin (Zenagamtide): What the evidence says: Limited (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in early phase 1b/2 trials; phase 3 starting) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [AOD-9604](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/aod-9604/): AOD-9604: What the evidence says: Tested, not shown (oral weight loss) · Injected weight loss, joints, muscle: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [ARA-290 (cibinetide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ara-290/): ARA-290 (cibinetide): What the evidence says: Very limited (sarcoidosis nerve symptoms, type 2 diabetes, macular edema) · Healing & recovery in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [BPC-157](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/bpc-157/): BPC-157: What the evidence says: Very limited (3 small uncontrolled clinic reports) · Controlled human trials for tendon, muscle, or gut healing: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Bronchogen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/bronchogen/): Bronchogen: What the evidence says: No human data · No published human studies of the marketed use (bronchitis/COPD) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Cagrilintide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cagrilintide/): Cagrilintide: What the evidence says: Limited (weight, alone) · Type 2 diabetes (alone): Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [CagriSema](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cagrisema/): CagriSema: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in phase 3 trials; not yet FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Cardiogen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cardiogen/): Cardiogen: What the evidence says: No human data (heart-repair claims rest on developer-led rat tissue and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Cartalax](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cartalax/): Cartalax: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (cartilage) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Cerebrolysin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cerebrolysin/): Cerebrolysin: What the evidence says: Limited (stroke recovery, mixed results) · Nootropic use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Chonluten](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/chonluten/): Chonluten: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (lungs/bronchi) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [CJC-1295](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cjc-1295/): CJC-1295: What the evidence says: Limited (raises growth hormone & IGF-1, DAC version) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, anti-aging, or no-DAC version: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Combining peptides](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/combining-peptides/): Combining peptides: What the evidence says: Almost no multi-peptide stacks sold online have ever been tested together in humans; stacking compounds multiplies unknown interaction and impurity risks. (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Cortexin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cortexin/): Cortexin: What the evidence says: Limited (ischemic stroke) · Nootropic use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Crystagen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/crystagen/): Crystagen: What the evidence says: No human data (immune claims rest on rodent and lab cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Dapiglutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dapiglutide/): Dapiglutide: What the evidence says: Very limited (one small phase 1 trial showed no significant weight loss; program paused Nov 2025) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Desmopressin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/desmopressin/): Desmopressin: What the evidence says: Strong (diabetes insipidus, nocturia, bleeding disorders) · "Nootropic" sprays: No human data · Banned in sport (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Dihexa](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dihexa/): Dihexa: What the evidence says: No human data (rat/mouse cognitive studies only; key mechanism paper retracted in 2025) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dsip/): DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide): What the evidence says: Very limited (chronic insomnia, mixed results; alcohol/opioid withdrawal) · Injected sleep, recovery, longevity: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Dulaglutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dulaglutide/): Dulaglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (type 2 diabetes, heart-risk reduction) · Gray-market/compounded: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Efinopegdutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/efinopegdutide/): Efinopegdutide: What the evidence says: Limited (liver fat and weight) · Type 2 diabetes: Very limited (mixed results) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Epitalon](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/epitalon/): Epitalon: What the evidence says: Very limited (sleep and melatonin) · Telomeres, longevity, and anti-aging in people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Epithalamin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/epithalamin/): Epithalamin: What the evidence says: Very limited (aging, developer-led Russian cohorts) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Exenatide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/exenatide/): Exenatide: What the evidence says: Strong (type 2 diabetes) · Parkinson's: mixed results, phase 3 negative · Gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [FOXO4-DRI](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/foxo4-dri/): FOXO4-DRI: What the evidence says: No human data (senolytic anti-aging claims rest on mouse and dish studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [GHK-Cu (copper peptide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ghk-cu/): GHK-Cu: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical skin creams, mixed results) · Injected use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [GHRP-6](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ghrp-6/): GHRP-6: What the evidence says: Moderate (IV diagnostic test for GH deficiency) · Acute GH release: Limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [The "GLOW" blend](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/glow/): GLOW blend: What the evidence says: No human data (multi-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500 & GHK-Cu never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Glutathione](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/glutathione/): Glutathione: What the evidence says: Moderate (IV chemotherapy nerve protection) · Skin lightening (oral/topical): Limited · Subcutaneous wellness/detox shots: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Gonadorelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/gonadorelin/): Gonadorelin: What the evidence says: Limited (pump treatment for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) · Bodybuilding/PCT use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/hcg/): hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): What the evidence says: Labeled uses (FDA-approved): not rated here · Post-steroid recovery: Very limited · Weight loss: Very limited (mixed results) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Hexarelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/hexarelin/): Hexarelin: What the evidence says: Limited (acute GH release / endocrine testing) · Body composition, heart LVEF, short stature: Very limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Humanin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/humanin/): Humanin: What the evidence says: No human data (neuroprotection & longevity claims rest on animal and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [IGF-1 LR3](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/igf-1-lr3/): IGF-1 LR3: What the evidence says: No human data (muscle & fat-loss claims untested in humans; engineered to resist normal IGF-1 binding) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Ipamorelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ipamorelin/): Ipamorelin: What the evidence says: Very limited (short-term GH release; post-surgery gut recovery, mixed results) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Ipamorelin + CJC-1295](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ipamorelin-cjc-1295/): Ipamorelin + CJC-1295: What the evidence says: No human data (combined stack untested together; each raises GH briefly without proven clinical outcomes) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Kisspeptin-10](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kisspeptin-10/): Kisspeptin-10: What the evidence says: Very limited (short-term LH & testosterone rise in lab studies) · Libido, fertility, muscle, energy: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Kisspeptin-54](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kisspeptin-54/): Kisspeptin-54: What the evidence says: Limited (IVF egg-maturation trigger) · Gray-market uses: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [The "KLOW" blend](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/klow/): KLOW blend: What the evidence says: No human data (4-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu & KPV never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [KPV](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kpv/): KPV: What the evidence says: No human data (gut inflammation & skin claims rest on mouse colitis and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Larazotide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/larazotide/): Larazotide: What the evidence says: Limited (celiac disease symptoms, mixed results) · "Leaky gut" use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Leuprolide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/leuprolide/): Leuprolide: What the evidence says: Strong (prostate cancer, endometriosis, early puberty) · Gray-market: No human data · Banned in male athletes (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Linaclotide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/linaclotide/): Linaclotide: What the evidence says: Strong (IBS with constipation, chronic constipation) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Liraglutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/liraglutide/): Liraglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (approved uses: weight management, type 2 diabetes) · Gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Livagen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/livagen/): Livagen: What the evidence says: No human data (liver & chromatin claims rest on developer-led lab and animal studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [LL-37](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ll-37/): LL-37: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical leg & foot ulcers, mixed results; intratumoral melanoma) · Injected immune, gut, healing, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/maritide/): MariTide (Maridebart Cafraglutide): What the evidence says: Limited (monthly injection for weight loss & type 2 diabetes in one phase 2 trial; phase 3 ongoing) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Mazdutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mazdutide/): Mazdutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in Chinese phase 3 trials; approved in China, not FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Melanotan I (afamelanotide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/melanotan-i/): Melanotan I (afamelanotide): What the evidence says: Moderate (EPP sun intolerance, FDA-approved implant Scenesse) · Tanning, vitiligo, stroke: Very limited · Sunburn & skin cancer prevention in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Melanotan II](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/melanotan-ii/): Melanotan II: What the evidence says: Very limited (erections in men, short-term tanning) · Long-term tanning safety & skin cancer prevention: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [MGF / PEG-MGF (mechano growth factor)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mgf/): MGF / PEG-MGF (mechano growth factor): What the evidence says: No human data (muscle-repair claims rest on animal and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [MK-677 (ibutamoren)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mk-677/): MK-677 (ibutamoren): What the evidence says: Limited (raises GH/IGF-1 and lean mass) · Gray-market use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [MOTS-c](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mots-c/): MOTS-c: What the evidence says: No human data (metabolic & exercise claims rest on mouse studies; untested as a human treatment) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [NAD+](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/nad-plus/): NAD+: What the evidence says: Moderate (oral NR/NMN raising blood NAD+) · Oral health outcomes: Limited · IV NAD+: Very limited · Injected NAD+: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Octreotide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/octreotide/): Octreotide: What the evidence says: Strong (acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Orforglipron](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/orforglipron/): Orforglipron: What the evidence says: Strong (weight; FDA-approved as Foundayo) · Type 2 diabetes: Moderate (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Ovagen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ovagen/): Ovagen: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (liver) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Oxytocin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/oxytocin/): Oxytocin: What the evidence says: Strong (labor induction & postpartum bleeding, FDA-approved IV/IM) · Weight loss & autism: Tested, not shown · Trust & mood: Very limited (mixed results) · Anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [P21 (P021)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/p21/): P21 (P021): What the evidence says: No human data (cognitive claims rest on Alzheimer's-model mouse studies from the developing lab) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Pancragen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pancragen/): Pancragen: What the evidence says: Very limited (type 2 diabetes, one small Russian study) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Pemvidutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pemvidutide/): Pemvidutide: What the evidence says: Limited (MASH) · Weight: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Pinealon](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pinealon/): Pinealon: What the evidence says: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian cognitive/occupational cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, stroke, TBI: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Pramlintide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pramlintide/): Pramlintide: What the evidence says: Strong (add-on to mealtime insulin) · Gray-market vials: No human data · Boxed warning: severe low blood sugar (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Prostamax](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/prostamax/): Prostamax: What the evidence says: No human data (prostate claims rest on rat tissue and white-blood-cell dish studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [PT-141 (bremelanotide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pt-141/): PT-141 (bremelanotide): What the evidence says: Moderate (HSDD in premenopausal women, FDA-approved as Vyleesi) · Men: Very limited · Postmenopausal women, performance, tanning: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Retatrutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/retatrutide/): Retatrutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis & liver fat in phase 2/3 trials; not FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Selank](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/selank/): Selank: What the evidence says: Limited (generalized anxiety, small Russian trials) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Semaglutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/semaglutide/): Semaglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, MASH, heart & kidney protection; FDA-approved as Ozempic, Wegovy & Rybelsus) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Semax](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/semax/): Semax: What the evidence says: Limited (acute ischemic stroke, small Russian studies) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Sermorelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/sermorelin/): Sermorelin: What the evidence says: Moderate (pituitary diagnostic test, former FDA approval) · Childhood GH deficiency: Limited · Adult anti-aging, body composition, energy: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Setmelanotide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/setmelanotide/): Setmelanotide: What the evidence says: Moderate (approved use: rare genetic obesity) · General or gray-market weight loss: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [SNAP-8](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/snap-8/): SNAP-8: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical multi-ingredient wrinkle creams) · Subcutaneous injection of gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [SS-31 (elamipretide)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ss-31/): SS-31 (elamipretide): What the evidence says: Very limited (Barth syndrome, FDA accelerated approval; heart failure, myopathy, eye diseases: mixed results) · Energy, endurance, anti-aging in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Survodutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/survodutide/): Survodutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight) · MASH and type 2 diabetes: Limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [TB-500 and thymosin beta-4](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tb-500/): TB-500 and thymosin beta-4: What the evidence says: Limited (full Thymosin beta-4 protein, topical/eye drops) · TB-500 fragment or injected healing/recovery: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Teduglutide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/teduglutide/): Teduglutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (short bowel syndrome on IV nutrition) · "Gut repair" uses: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Teriparatide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/teriparatide/): Teriparatide: What the evidence says: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Fracture healing: mixed results · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Tesamorelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tesamorelin/): Tesamorelin: What the evidence says: Strong (HIV belly fat, FDA-approved as Egrifta) · HIV fatty liver: Limited · General fat loss or anti-aging without HIV: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Tesofensine](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tesofensine/): Tesofensine: What the evidence says: Limited (weight loss, phase 2 trial under expression of concern) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Testagen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/testagen/): Testagen: What the evidence says: No human data (testicular claims untested; only studied in pituitary-removed birds) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Thymalin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymalin/): Thymalin: What the evidence says: Very limited (Russian clinical cohorts, developer-led) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymosin-alpha-1/): Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin): What the evidence says: Very limited (hepatitis B/C, COVID-19, vaccine response; mixed results) · Sepsis: Tested, not shown · Immune support, anti-aging, recovery in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Thymulin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymulin/): Thymulin: What the evidence says: No human data (immune claims rest on mouse injection studies and human endogenous blood-level studies) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Tirzepatide](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tirzepatide/): Tirzepatide: What the evidence says: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes & obstructive sleep apnea; FDA-approved as Mounjaro & Zepbound) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- [Triptorelin](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/triptorelin/): Triptorelin: What the evidence says: Moderate (prostate cancer testosterone suppression) · Early puberty: Limited · Post-cycle therapy: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [Vesugen](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vesugen/): Vesugen: What the evidence says: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian vascular/aging cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, longevity: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [Vilon](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vilon/): Vilon: What the evidence says: No human data (immune & aging claims rest on developer-led lab cell and rat studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Aviptadil)](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vip/): VIP (Aviptadil): What the evidence says: Moderate (erectile dysfunction, two-drug injection with phentolamine) · Solo VIP for ARDS, PAH, sarcoidosis, CIRS: Very limited (mixed results) · Subcutaneous wellness shots: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- [VK2735](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vk2735/): VK2735: What the evidence says: Limited (weight, injection) · Oral tablet: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- [The "Wolverine" blend](https://openpeptideproject.org/library/wolverine/): Wolverine blend: What the evidence says: No human data (BPC-157 + TB-500 blend never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).

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## Full Compound Evidence Summaries & PubMed Citations

### 5-Amino-1MQ
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/5-amino-1mq/
- **Verdict Summary:** 5-Amino-1MQ: What the evidence says: No human data (weight loss, fat loss & muscle claims rest on mouse and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - No human data (animal/lab only) for weight loss, fat loss, metabolic health, muscle strength, sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss), exercise recovery, or longevity ( zero published human clinical trials on PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov as of October 24, 2026; every study is in mice, rats, or cell dishes) Evidence verdict: Weight loss, fat loss, muscle strength, metabolic health, and anti-aging (oral capsules or subcutaneous injections): No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: No human data (weight loss, fat loss & muscle claims rest on mouse and cell studies only) Card note: Animal/lab only, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A synthetic small-molecule salt ( 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium , usually sold as the iodide or chloride salt)— not a peptide —that blocks the intracellular enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) . Who takes it Gray-market "research peptide" buyers and longevity clinic customers taking oral capsules or subcutaneous injections for fat loss, NAD+ boosting, and muscle preservation. Does it work? No human clinical trial has ever been published. In diet-induced obese mice and aged (24-month-old) mice, 5-Amino-1MQ reduced fat mass, improved fatty-liver histology, and increased grip strength, especially when paired with a diet switch or exercise. Whether any of that translates to humans—or what oral or injected doses are even absorbed safely in people—is completely unknown. Is it safe? Unknown in humans. Zero human Phase 1 safety, tolerability, or pharmacokinetic (how the body absorbs and clears a drug) data exist. In rats, oral bioavailability (the fraction of a swallowed dose that reaches the bloodstream) of 5-Amino-1MQ was lower than after intravenous dosing, and gray-market iodide salts carry an unstudied load of inorganic iodide that could affect thyroid function when taken in daily capsule quantities. Is it legal? Not approved anywhere as a drug or dietary supplement. Not on the US FDA 503A or 503B compounding lists (cannot be legally compounded for human prescriptions in the US). WADA: Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List, though Section S0 (Non-Approved Substances) applies to unapproved pharmacological substances with no human regulatory approval.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:28548833, PMID:29155147, PMID:30753815, PMID:33645410, PMID:33707534, PMID:34304009, PMID:35013352, PMID:38969654, PMID:39161060, PMID:41543936

### Abaloparatide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/abaloparatide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Abaloparatide: What the evidence says: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP 1-34), sold as Tymlos for osteoporosis at high fracture risk in postmenopausal women and men. What the evidence says: in the ACTIVE trial (2,463 women, 18 months) it reduced new spine and non-spine fractures compared with placebo, and caused less high blood calcium than teriparatide (3.4% vs 6.4%). Biggest risks: osteosarcoma in rats (unknown in humans; avoid in people at higher baseline risk), dizziness on standing within 4 hours of injection, hypercalcemia, and kidney stones. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for postmenopausal osteoporosis fracture reduction ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Dose-dependent rat osteosarcoma (label) Regulatory FDA-approved: Tymlos NDA 208743 (Apr 28, 2017) · no boxed warning on current label · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Osteoporosis (labeled): Strong · Gray-market use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Gray-market: No human data Card note: Osteosarcoma precautions, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:27533157

### Amycretin (Zenagamtide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/amycretin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Amycretin (Zenagamtide): What the evidence says: Limited (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in early phase 1b/2 trials; phase 3 starting) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made peptide from Novo Nordisk (also called zenagamtide in 2026 phase 2 Lancet papers [UNVERIFIED: proposed/recommended INN status not directly checked against the primary WHO INN register]) that acts on GLP-1 receptors (the target of semaglutide) and on amylin and calcitonin receptors (the targets of amylin-like drugs such as cagrilintide). It is being tested as an injection and as a tablet. What the evidence says: early trials found large weight loss in adults with obesity, and two phase 2 trials found lower blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes. All trials were funded by Novo Nordisk, and the weight trials were small and run at one site. Biggest risks: stomach side effects were very common. Many people left the early injection trial. Long-term safety and heart outcomes are unknown. Gray-market products have been widely reported, with unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight) Limited: one phase 1b/2a injection RCT (randomized controlled trial; 125 people, one site, many withdrawals) and one phase 1 tablet trial; all funded by Novo Nordisk; no phase 3 results Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Limited: two phase 2 RCTs (262 and 186 people) funded by Novo Nordisk; no phase 3 results Human Heart outcomes, heart failure Not rated: no results; a heart-failure trial is registered Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Limited · Human (type 2 diabetes): Limited · Heart: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in early phase 1b/2 trials; phase 3 starting) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:40550229, PMID:40550231, PMID:42443140, PMID:42532079, PMID:42532080, PMID:42853576

### AOD-9604
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/aod-9604/
- **Verdict Summary:** AOD-9604: What the evidence says: Tested, not shown (oral weight loss) · Injected weight loss, joints, muscle: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made peptide of 16 amino acids. It copies the last stretch of human growth hormone (building blocks 177–191) with one extra amino acid (tyrosine) added at the front. The Australian company Metabolic Pharmaceuticals developed it in the late 1990s and 2000s as a weight-loss pill. Today it is sold online and by clinics, including as an injection, for fat loss, joints and cartilage, and other uses. What the evidence says: the company ran six human trials of the pill and IV forms in 2001–2006. In its largest trial (502 people), AOD-9604 did no better than placebo for weight loss, and the company stopped developing it for obesity in 2007. Most of these trials were never fully published; we know them from company summaries. No study has tested it as an injection under the skin, the way it is mostly sold. Joint claims rest on one rabbit study. Biggest risks: not knowing what's in the vial, and no human safety data for injections. FDA lists it among compounding substances that may pose significant safety risks. Claim Rating Human Weight loss (by mouth) Tested, not shown : six company-run placebo-controlled trials; the largest (502 people) found no significant benefit ; mostly unpublished. This is not support for the use Unknown Weight loss (injected under the skin) No human data (nothing at all in people by this route) Unknown Osteoarthritis, cartilage, joints No human data (animal studies only: one rabbit study) Unknown Muscle, anti-aging, skin, other uses No human data (nothing at all that we could find) Animal Animal evidence Obese mouse and rat studies from one Monash University group; one rabbit knee study Regulatory Not FDA-approved · FDA advisers voted 12–0 against adding it to the 503A compounding list (Dec 2024); no final FDA decision found · not on the 503A or 503B bulks lists · on FDA's significant-safety-risks page (nominations withdrawn) · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S2.2.3, named) Established human dose Unknown None. No regulator has reviewed a dose Evidence verdict: Tested, not shown (weight loss by mouth) / No human data (injected weight loss; osteoarthritis and joints; muscle, anti-aging and other uses) Card verdict: Tested, not shown (oral weight loss) · Injected weight loss, joints, muscle: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page What "Tested, not shown" means: A real study in people tested this and didn't find a clear benefit. Any difference was small enough that it could have been chance. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11146367, PMID:11673763, PMID:11713213, PMID:15134286, PMID:24976118, PMID:25208511, PMID:26275694

### ARA-290 (cibinetide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ara-290/
- **Verdict Summary:** ARA-290 (cibinetide): What the evidence says: Very limited (sarcoidosis nerve symptoms, type 2 diabetes, macular edema) · Healing & recovery in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made 11-amino-acid peptide designed from part of erythropoietin (EPO, the hormone that makes red blood cells). It is meant to switch on the "innate repair receptor" (EPO receptor plus a partner unit called CD131) without raising red blood cell counts. Its official name is cibinetide . It was developed by Araim Pharmaceuticals. Gray-market "ARA-290" vials are sold for nerve pain, inflammation, healing and recovery. What the evidence says: three small placebo-controlled trials in sarcoidosis nerve damage (22 to 64 people, 28 days each), all run with the company, reported better symptom questionnaires and more nerve fibers in the eye. Pain scores themselves were not clearly better than placebo. One phase 2 trial in type 2 diabetes and a 9-person eye study round out the patient record. No phase 3 trial (large studies confirming benefit and safety before approval) has been published. Biggest risks: no serious drug-related problems were reported in the small trials, but only about 220 people have been studied in published trials, for at most 12 weeks. The bigger risk for gray-market users is not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Nerve symptoms in sarcoidosis (small fiber neuropathy) Very limited (mixed results) : three small 28-day placebo-controlled trials, all company-linked; symptom questionnaires and eye nerve fibers improved, but pain intensity did not clearly beat placebo Human Nerve symptoms and blood sugar in type 2 diabetes Very limited : one 28-day phase 2 placebo-controlled trial, company-run; HbA1c and nerve-fiber changes are lab changes Human Diabetic macular edema (eye swelling) Very limited : one 9-person study with no placebo; no improvement in vision or retinal thickness Human Mood / depression Very limited : one 36-person study in healthy volunteers; no effect on mood Animal "Healing," inflammation, injury recovery, anti-aging in healthy people (gray-market use) No human data (animal/lab only) Regulatory Not approved anywhere · FDA orphan designation (sarcoidosis neuropathic pain, 2011) · EU orphan designations (sarcoidosis 2013; islet transplantation 2016) · 503A: Category 3 · 503B: not nominated · WADA 2026: not named; The Open Peptide Project's reading is that it falls under S2.1.5 "innate repair receptor agonists" (banned at all times), not a WADA ruling Established human dose Unknown None Evidence verdict: Sarcoidosis nerve symptoms: Very limited (mixed results) · Type 2 diabetes: Very limited · Diabetic macular edema: Very limited · Mood: Very limited · Healing, inflammation and recovery in healthy people: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Very limited (sarcoidosis nerve symptoms, type 2 diabetes, macular edema) · Healing & recovery in healthy people: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:23168581, PMID:24136731, PMID:24529189, PMID:24555851, PMID:25387363, PMID:26431906, PMID:28475703, PMID:29392190, PMID:32674280, PMID:38488446

### BPC-157
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/bpc-157/
- **Verdict Summary:** BPC-157: What the evidence says: Very limited (3 small uncontrolled clinic reports) · Controlled human trials for tendon, muscle, or gut healing: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made peptide (a short chain of 15 amino acids, the building blocks of proteins). It is based on a piece of a protein found in stomach juice. It is sold online as a "research chemical" for healing injuries. What the evidence says: promising in animals, essentially untested in people. Biggest risks: not knowing what's really in the vial. There is also a theoretical cancer concern. It makes new blood vessels grow, which helps healing but could in theory also feed a tumor. This hasn't been studied in people. Rating Human Human evidence Very limited : 3 small clinic reports with no comparison group, no trials Animal Animal evidence Moderate , mostly one lab (Sikirić group) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · WADA-banned Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Human: Very limited · Animal: Moderate, mostly one lab (Sikirić group) Card verdict: Very limited (3 small uncontrolled clinic reports) · Controlled human trials for tendon, muscle, or gut healing: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:14554208, PMID:16609979, PMID:20388964, PMID:21030672, PMID:27847966, PMID:31158953, PMID:32334036, PMID:34324435, PMID:36588717, PMID:39325560, PMID:40131143, PMID:40756949

### Bronchogen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/bronchogen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Bronchogen: What the evidence says: No human data · No published human studies of the marketed use (bronchitis/COPD) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic tetrapeptide from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program, sold as a bronchial bioregulator. Unknown Most papers give Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu ("AEDL") ; one 2011 PubMed title gives Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu. UNVERIFIED which sequence products on sale contain. What the evidence says: no published human study tests the bronchitis or COPD use it is sold for. The only evidence for that use is two rat-model studies from one group ; DNA lab and modeling work is listed in Study details. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported: rat COPD-model studies from one St. Petersburg pulmonology group ; DNA-binding lab work Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List ; S0 status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · No published human studies of the marketed use (bronchitis/COPD) Card verdict: No human data · No published human studies of the marketed use (bronchitis/COPD) Card note: No published human study tests the bronchitis/COPD use it is sold for; rat-model work only. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:21240358, PMID:26468022, PMID:27909961, PMID:30199201

### Cagrilintide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cagrilintide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Cagrilintide: What the evidence says: Limited (weight, alone) · Type 2 diabetes (alone): Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made version of amylin, a hormone the pancreas releases after meals that helps you feel full. Its maker, Novo Nordisk, is mainly developing it together with semaglutide as a combination called CagriSema (see CagriSema ). What the evidence says: on its own, one mid-size phase 2 trial (706 people on cagrilintide) found more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment). Evidence for cagrilintide alone in type 2 diabetes is one small trial arm. All trials were funded by the maker. Biggest risks: stomach side effects (mainly nausea) and injection-site reactions in trials. Anything bought outside a trial is of unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight, cagrilintide alone) Limited: one phase 2 RCT (randomized controlled trial) in 706 people on cagrilintide plus 101 on placebo, funded by Novo Nordisk; larger trials tested it mostly as part of CagriSema Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, cagrilintide alone) Very limited: one small comparison arm (30 people) in a phase 2 trial Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved · cannot be used in compounding (FDA) · FDA has warned online sellers of "research" cagrilintide · EU, UK, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED no approval found, not checked against EMA/PMDA/NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight, alone): Limited · Human (type 2 diabetes, alone): Very limited · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (weight, alone) · Type 2 diabetes (alone): Very limited Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:33894838, PMID:34798060, PMID:37364590, PMID:39279639, PMID:40544433, PMID:42251859

### CagriSema
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cagrisema/
- **Verdict Summary:** CagriSema: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in phase 3 trials; not yet FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental combination of two lab-made peptides in one injection: cagrilintide (a long-acting copy of amylin, a fullness hormone) and semaglutide (the GLP-1 drug in Ozempic and Wegovy). What the evidence says: large phase 3 trials, all funded by the maker, found clearly more weight loss and blood-sugar lowering than placebo (a dummy treatment), and somewhat more than semaglutide alone. In a head-to-head trial it lost less weight than tirzepatide (Zepbound) and missed its main goal (company press release). Biggest risks: stomach side effects, which were much more common than on placebo. It carries the known risks of semaglutide, such as pancreatitis, gallbladder disease and rodent thyroid tumors, plus the less-studied ones of cagrilintide. Home-mixed blends of two gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity for both drugs. Human Human evidence (weight, with or without type 2 diabetes) Moderate: several large phase 3 RCTs (randomized controlled trials), e.g., 3,417 people in REDEFINE 1, all funded by Novo Nordisk; not approved; long-term safety unknown; lost to tirzepatide head-to-head (press release) Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Moderate: three phase 3 RCTs (REIMAGINE 1–3, 189 to 2,713 people), all funded by Novo Nordisk Human Heart outcomes Not rated: the heart-outcomes trial (REDEFINE 3, 7,076 people) has published only its design, no results Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved · US application submitted per Novo Nordisk UNVERIFIED · cagrilintide cannot be used in compounding (FDA) · FDA has warned sellers of a "cagrilintide and semaglutide" research product · EU and other countries: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA/PMDA/NMPA · WADA: not named; cagrilintide component unapproved, so S0 may apply Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Moderate · Human (type 2 diabetes): Moderate · Heart outcomes: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in phase 3 trials; not yet FDA-approved) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:33894838, PMID:37364590, PMID:40544432, PMID:40544433, PMID:41328546, PMID:42009015, PMID:42251856, PMID:42251859, PMID:42251860, PMID:42838477

### Cardiogen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cardiogen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Cardiogen: What the evidence says: No human data (heart-repair claims rest on developer-led rat tissue and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, "AEDR") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for heart health. Not to be confused with CardioGen-82, an unrelated rubidium generator used in heart imaging. What the evidence says: no human trials found. Rat tissue studies report more cell growth and less apoptosis (cell death) in heart tissue in a dish. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): rat-tissue studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (heart-repair claims rest on developer-led rat tissue and cell studies only) Card note: Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:17152728, PMID:20210190, PMID:36611900

### Cartalax
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cartalax/
- **Verdict Summary:** Cartalax: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (cartilage) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp, "AED") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program, sold for cartilage, joint and spine health. Unknown The name "Cartalax" does not appear in PubMed; no published study tests AED on cartilage or joints. Unknown What the evidence says: no published study, in people or animals, tests the cartilage, joint or spine use it is sold for. The only AED studies found used other models (skin cells, rat kidney), listed in Study details. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence None for the marketed use. Other models (skin cells, rat kidney) in Study details only Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List ; S0 status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (cartilage) Card verdict: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (cartilage) Card note: No published study tests the cartilage or joint use it is sold for. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:26515176, PMID:27259496, PMID:33231794

### Cerebrolysin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cerebrolysin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Cerebrolysin: What the evidence says: Limited (stroke recovery, mixed results) · Nootropic use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a mixture of small peptides and amino acids made from pig brain, given by injection or IV infusion. It is used for stroke and dementia in Russia, Eastern Europe, China and other Asian countries. What the evidence says: mixed. A 2023 Cochrane review of 7 trials (1,773 people) found it probably does not reduce deaths after stroke. The largest stroke trial (1,070 patients) was neutral ; a smaller rehabilitation trial was positive. Evidence for vascular dementia is very low quality. There are no studies of healthy people using it as a nootropic. Biggest risks: non-fatal serious adverse events were more common with Cerebrolysin in the Cochrane stroke review (moderate certainty). Gray-market products made from animal brain add contamination risks. Rating Human Human evidence Limited (mixed results) for stroke recovery ; small-to-medium effect in a brain-injury meta-analysis ; very low-quality evidence in vascular dementia ; No human data for nootropic use Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (not reviewed for this page) Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Austria: authorized, prescription-only (BASG label) · Russia, Asia: UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For approved uses: set by national labels UNVERIFIED ; for nootropic use: none. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Stroke recovery: Limited · Nootropic use: No human data Card verdict: Limited (stroke recovery, mixed results) · Nootropic use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22282884, PMID:26564102, PMID:31710397, PMID:33620612, PMID:37818733

### Chonluten
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/chonluten/
- **Verdict Summary:** Chonluten: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (lungs/bronchi) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly, "EDG") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program, sold as a bronchial and lung bioregulator in capsules and gray-market vials. Unknown PubMed describes it as derived from bronchial epithelial cells. What the evidence says: no published study, in people or animals, tests the lung or bronchial use it is sold for. The only studies found are an immune-cell study and a computer model, listed in Study details. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence None for the marketed use. Other models (immune cells, computer docking) in Study details only Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List ; S0 status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (lungs/bronchi) Card verdict: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (lungs/bronchi) Card note: No published study tests the lung or bronchial use it is sold for. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:35408963, PMID:36979488

### CJC-1295
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cjc-1295/
- **Verdict Summary:** CJC-1295: What the evidence says: Limited (raises growth hormone & IGF-1, DAC version) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, anti-aging, or no-DAC version: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made copy of the first 29 amino acids of GHRH, the brain's growth-hormone "on" signal, with 4 amino acids swapped to make it last longer. Two different products are sold under this name: - CJC-1295 with DAC: the original drug made by ConjuChem. An added chemical "hook" (DAC) attaches it to albumin, a protein in the blood, so it lasts about a week. This is the version tested in people. - CJC-1295 without DAC (also called mod GRF 1-29 ): the same peptide without the hook, so it lasts a much shorter time. We found no published study of it in people. It is often sold together with ipamorelin. See our ipamorelin page and the Ipamorelin + CJC-1295 overview . What the evidence says: the DAC version raised growth hormone and IGF-1 (a growth factor) for about a week after one injection in small studies of healthy adults. A higher hormone level isn't the same as a health benefit. Its only patient trial, for belly fat in people with HIV, was stopped in 2006 after a participant died . The company later said the death was a heart attack it did not link to the drug. No results were published. Biggest risks: not knowing which version, or what, is in the vial. FDA says it "has identified serious adverse events associated with CJC-1295 including increased heart rate and systemic vasodilatory reaction" (a whole-body blood-vessel reaction). Long-term effects of raised growth hormone and IGF-1 are unknown. Claim Rating Human Raises growth hormone and IGF-1 (with DAC) Limited : two small placebo-controlled dose studies plus one small single-dose study in healthy adults; hormone levels only Unknown Reduces belly fat in HIV (with DAC) No human data (nothing at all: the only trial was stopped early and never reported results) Unknown Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging No human data (nothing at all in people; animal growth studies only) Unknown Anything, for the version without DAC (mod GRF 1-29) No human data (nothing at all that we could find, in people or animals) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · FDA lists it as formerly Category 2, nomination withdrawn; FDA advisers voted against compounding it (Dec 2024) · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S2.2.4) Established human dose Unknown None. No regulator has reviewed a dose Evidence verdict: Limited (raises growth hormone and IGF-1, DAC version) / No human data (HIV belly fat; muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging; any use of the no-DAC version) Card verdict: Limited (raises growth hormone & IGF-1, DAC version) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, anti-aging, or no-DAC version: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:15817669, PMID:16352683, PMID:16822960, PMID:17018654, PMID:30136411

### Combining peptides
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/combining-peptides/
- **Verdict Summary:** Combining peptides: What the evidence says: Almost no multi-peptide stacks sold online have ever been tested together in humans; stacking compounds multiplies unknown interaction and impurity risks. (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Blends sell several peptides together in one vial. Each ingredient has its own evidence, covered on its own page. Combining them adds unknowns that none of those studies looked at. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** See monograph

### Cortexin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/cortexin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Cortexin: What the evidence says: Limited (ischemic stroke) · Nootropic use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a mix of polypeptides extracted from animal brain cortex, sold in Russia as a nervous-system drug. It is usually described as coming from pig (porcine) cortex: UNVERIFIED against the Russian label. What the evidence says: Russian randomized trials in ischemic stroke and chronic poor brain blood flow report better recovery scores. They are Russian-language, mostly small, and not repeated outside Russia; a small trial found a rival drug (Cellex) worked better. Biggest risks: in the trials, side-effect rates were described as low and similar between groups. Reporting is limited to abstracts. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence Limited: ischemic stroke and chronic brain ischemia, Russian RCTs · Nootropic use in healthy people: No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: reported as registered in GRLS UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 depends on Russian registration status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None outside Russia. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Human: Limited (ischemic stroke); nootropic use: No human data Card verdict: Limited (ischemic stroke) · Nootropic use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:19431244, PMID:24874316, PMID:26356623, PMID:30335070, PMID:33449527, PMID:37818733, PMID:41524350, PMID:42133422

### Crystagen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/crystagen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Crystagen: What the evidence says: No human data (immune claims rest on rodent and lab cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Pro, "EDP") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program, sold as an immune and thymus bioregulator. Unknown The PubMed abstract that names Crystagen does not state its sequence. What the evidence says: no human trials found. One developer-led study of aging spleen reports that Crystagen activated B-cell markers but did not affect cell renewal. A modeling paper predicts EDP binds DNA. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): one aging-spleen study, one modeling study Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List ; S0 status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (immune claims rest on rodent and lab cell studies only) Card note: Rodent and lab studies only; no human trials found. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:27909961, PMID:28976144

### Dapiglutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dapiglutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Dapiglutide: What the evidence says: Very limited (one small phase 1 trial showed no significant weight loss; program paused Nov 2025) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental injected peptide that activates two receptors, GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and GLP-2 (the target of teduglutide, a drug for short bowel syndrome). What the evidence says: the only peer-reviewed human trial was small and short, and its weight loss vs placebo (a dummy treatment) was not statistically significant. Larger weight-loss numbers come only from the company. Gut benefits have been shown only in mice. Biggest risks: nausea and lower appetite in the one trial. Long-term safety is unknown, and with the program paused, more data may never come. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight) Very limited: one small, short phase 2a RCT (randomized controlled trial; 54 people) with no significant effect; larger results only from the company Human Short bowel syndrome, gut inflammation Not rated: no human results found; mouse studies only Animal Animal evidence Mouse studies of short bowel syndrome; not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Program paused by Zealand (Nov 2025) · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Very limited · Short bowel and gut: not rated (animal only) · Animal: mouse studies, not rated here Card verdict: Very limited (one small phase 1 trial showed no significant weight loss; program paused Nov 2025) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:34705281, PMID:35580981, PMID:41768273

### Desmopressin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/desmopressin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Desmopressin: What the evidence says: Strong (diabetes insipidus, nocturia, bleeding disorders) · "Nootropic" sprays: No human data · Banned in sport (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic 9-amino-acid analog of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), sold as DDAVP (injection, tablets), Stimate nasal spray and generics for central diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, nighttime urination and some bleeding disorders. Gray-market sellers market nasal sprays as a "nootropic." What the evidence says: it is standard replacement therapy in central diabetes insipidus. In 385 men with frequent nighttime urination it reduced nighttime voids modestly (about 0.4 fewer per night vs placebo). A 1977 study showed it raises clotting factor VIII enough for surgery in some people with mild hemophilia A or von Willebrand disease. Biggest risks: boxed warning (injection): low blood sodium (hyponatremia) that can cause seizures, coma, breathing arrest or death; contraindicated with excessive fluid intake and loop diuretics. In the nocturia trial, sodium below 130 mmol/L occurred in 2 men on the lower amount and 9 on the higher. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for central diabetes insipidus, nocturia and mild hemophilia A / von Willebrand disease (labeled) ; No human data for gray-market "nootropic" use in healthy adults Animal Animal / lab evidence Not reviewed for this page Regulatory FDA-approved: DDAVP NDA 018938 (injection) and 019955 (tablets), Stimate NDA 020355, generics · boxed hyponatremia warning (injection) · WADA: prohibited at all times (S5 masking agent, named) Established human dose For labeled uses: on the FDA labels . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Labeled uses: Strong · "Nootropic" use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (diabetes insipidus, nocturia, bleeding disorders) · "Nootropic" sprays: No human data · Banned in sport Card note: Can cause dangerously low sodium, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:23454402, PMID:67283

### Dihexa
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dihexa/
- **Verdict Summary:** Dihexa: What the evidence says: No human data (rat/mouse cognitive studies only; key mechanism paper retracted in 2025) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Dihexa has never been tested in people in any published trial. What it is: a small lab-made molecule built from angiotensin IV, designed to cross into the brain. Lab studies say it boosts HGF/c-Met signaling. What the evidence says: only rat and mouse studies. Warning: the key paper describing how it works was retracted in 2025, and the original dihexa paper carries an expression of concern from the journal. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. HGF/c-Met is a growth pathway also involved in cancer, so long-term effects are a theoretical concern that has not been studied. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data: no published human studies found Animal Animal evidence Rodent memory studies; one key paper retracted, one under expression of concern Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (non-approved substances) or S2.3 (HGF/growth factor modulators) applies Established human dose None. Never studied in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal: rodent studies with serious integrity flags Card verdict: No human data (rat/mouse cognitive studies only; key mechanism paper retracted in 2025) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:23055539, PMID:25187433, PMID:34551987, PMID:34551989, PMID:34827486, PMID:40312093

### DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dsip/
- **Verdict Summary:** DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide): What the evidence says: Very limited (chronic insomnia, mixed results; alcohol/opioid withdrawal) · Injected sleep, recovery, longevity: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 9-amino-acid peptide first isolated in 1977 from the blood of sleeping rabbits and named for the deep "delta" sleep it seemed to cause. FDA calls it emideltide . In Russia it is registered as an over-the-counter nasal medicine ( Deltaran ). On the gray market it is sold, mostly as an injection, for sleep, stress and recovery. What the evidence says: small 1980s–90s trials tested it for chronic insomnia. Two placebo-controlled trials found no meaningful benefit ; one 14-person trial reported strong benefit. Withdrawal and other uses rest on open trials and Russian studies we could read only as abstracts. Biggest risks: we found very little human safety data. In one study it sped up heart rate and lightened anesthesia. The Russian label lists allergic reactions and nasal irritation. Gray-market vials have no quality guarantees. Claim Rating Human Chronic insomnia (sleep) Very limited (mixed results) : three tiny IV trials from 1987–1992 (human, into a vein). Two double-blind trials (16 people; one crossover whose size the abstract doesn't give UNVERIFIED ) found no meaningful benefit over placebo; one 14-person trial reported benefit Human Opioid or alcohol withdrawal, stress (the Russian-approved uses) Very limited : one open-label opioid detox trial (no control group) and Russian studies we've only seen as abstracts or titles Unknown Injected under the skin for sleep, recovery, longevity, other uses No human data for this route and these uses (nothing at all that we found; two of the three insomnia trials used IV injection; the third doesn't state the route) Animal Animal evidence Rat and mouse studies on sleep, seizures, stroke and alcohol withdrawal; not reviewed in detail for this page Regulatory Russia: registered OTC (Deltaran) · US: not FDA-approved ; on FDA's significant-safety-risks page (nomination withdrawn); FDA proposed it NOT be added to the 503A compounding list (July 2026) · WADA 2026: not named Established human dose Unknown None outside the Russian label; no Western regulator has reviewed a dose Evidence verdict: Chronic insomnia: Very limited (mixed results) · Withdrawal and stress: Very limited · Injected use for sleep, recovery, longevity and other uses: No human data Card verdict: Very limited (chronic insomnia, mixed results; alcohol/opioid withdrawal) · Injected sleep, recovery, longevity: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:1299794, PMID:15911358, PMID:19142086, PMID:25739189, PMID:3550726, PMID:3583493, PMID:3622582, PMID:9617990, PMID:9762721

### Dulaglutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/dulaglutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Dulaglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (type 2 diabetes, heart-risk reduction) · Gray-market/compounded: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a GLP-1 receptor agonist fused to an antibody fragment (Fc) so it lasts a week, sold as Trulicity for type 2 diabetes and to lower cardiovascular risk. It is a large biologic (approved under a BLA), not a short peptide. What the evidence says: it lowers blood sugar more than placebo and more than twice-a-day exenatide (AWARD-1, 976 patients). In REWIND (9,901 people, median 5.4 years) it reduced heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths (HR 0.88). Biggest risks: boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors in rats; contraindicated with personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or MEN 2. GI side effects were reported by 47% vs 34% on placebo in REWIND. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk reduction ; No human data on gray-market or compounded products Animal Animal / lab evidence Rat thyroid C-cell tumors (label) Regulatory FDA-approved: Trulicity BLA 125469 (Sep 18, 2014) · boxed warning · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Type 2 diabetes and CV risk reduction (labeled): Strong · Gray-market/compounded: No human data Card verdict: Strong (type 2 diabetes, heart-risk reduction) · Gray-market/compounded: No human data Card note: Not approved for weight loss; gray-market products are not Trulicity, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:24879836, PMID:31189511

### Efinopegdutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/efinopegdutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Efinopegdutide: What the evidence says: Limited (liver fat and weight) · Type 2 diabetes: Very limited (mixed results) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental long-acting injected peptide that activates two receptors, GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and glucagon. It was first developed by Hanmi, tested by Johnson & Johnson under the code JNJ-64565111, and is now developed by Merck as MK-6024. What the evidence says: in one open-label phase 2 trial in fatty liver disease, it cut liver fat more than semaglutide. In two older phase 2 trials, it caused weight loss vs placebo (a dummy treatment), but in people with type 2 diabetes blood sugar did not improve. Biggest risks: nausea and vomiting were more common than with placebo, liraglutide or semaglutide. Many people stopped early in the older trials. Long-term safety is unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (fatty liver, liver fat) Limited: one open-label phase 2a RCT (randomized controlled trial; 145 people) vs semaglutide, measuring liver fat on scans, not liver scarring; a larger phase 2b trial finished without published results Human Human evidence (weight) Limited: two phase 2 RCTs (474 and 195 people) vs placebo, plus weight data from the liver trial; high dropout; no phase 3 Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Very limited (mixed results): one short phase 2 RCT produced weight loss but found no HbA1c improvement and a slight rise in fasting glucose and fasting insulin Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (liver fat): Limited · Human (weight): Limited · Human (type 2 diabetes): Very limited (mixed results) · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (liver fat and weight) · Type 2 diabetes: Very limited (mixed results) Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:33475251, PMID:33475255, PMID:37355043

### Epitalon
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/epitalon/
- **Verdict Summary:** Epitalon: What the evidence says: Very limited (sleep and melatonin) · Telomeres, longevity, and anti-aging in people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: epitalon (also spelled epithalon or epitalone) is a lab-made peptide of 4 amino acids (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, or "AEDG"). It was modeled on epithalamin , an extract from cow pineal glands, by V. Kh. Khavinson's group at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It is sold for anti-aging, "telomere lengthening," sleep and melatonin. What the evidence says: the telomere claims come from cells in a lab dish , not people. A change in cells isn't the same as a health benefit. The longevity claims come from animal studies and from human studies of the older extract (epithalamin), not epitalon itself. Nearly all of it comes from the developer's group or its collaborators, and much is published only in Russian. Caution Studies run by the people who developed a product may be biased toward showing it works. Biggest risks: no long-term safety data in people. Products sold in the US are unapproved "research use" powders with unknown contents. FDA has flagged possible immune reactions from impurities in compounded versions (prepared by pharmacies as custom medicines for individual patients, with a prescription). Claim Rating (proposed) Animal Telomere lengthening No human data : cell-culture studies only (one independent); no study measured telomeres in people Human Anti-aging / longer life in people No human data for epitalon: no outcome trial found. The human death-rate studies tested the cow-gland extract epithalamin , a different product (developer-linked) Human Sleep / melatonin Very limited : one developer-linked Russian-language report that lumps epitalon with the extract, no numbers, no sleep outcomes; a Paris-led rat-gland study (Khavinson co-author) found no effect Animal Longer life in animals No human data (animal studies only): developer-linked; no change in average lifespan, longer life in the longest-lived 10% Regulatory Russia: no listing found Caution · US: not FDA-approved ; listed by FDA as nominated but withdrawn (formerly 503A Category 2), not on the bulks list; FDA advisers reportedly backed compounding in July 2026 against FDA staff advice, no final FDA decision · WADA 2026: not named; S0 likely applies if no government has approved it Established human dose Unknown None. No regulator anywhere has reviewed a dose we could confirm Evidence verdict: No human data (telomeres; anti-aging in people; lifespan, animals only) / Very limited (sleep and melatonin) Card verdict: Very limited (sleep and melatonin) · Telomeres, longevity, and anti-aging in people: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12809170, PMID:12937682, PMID:14501183, PMID:14523363, PMID:14647006, PMID:15085253, PMID:15452611, PMID:15455129, PMID:15909815, PMID:17426848, PMID:17969590, PMID:18856211

### Epithalamin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/epithalamin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Epithalamin: What the evidence says: Very limited (aging, developer-led Russian cohorts) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a polypeptide extract from calf (bovine) pineal gland developed in the Soviet Union by V. Kh. Khavinson's group. It is not the same thing as epitalon , the synthetic four-amino-acid peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) later designed from it. What the evidence says: developer-led Russian and Ukrainian studies in older people report lower death rates and changes in melatonin rhythm. Group assignment and controls are poorly described and the findings have not been repeated independently. Biggest risks: not well reported. It is an animal-tissue extract. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence Very limited: small developer-led studies in older adults with unclear controls Animal Animal / lab evidence Not rated here (longevity studies in flies, mice, rats reported by the same group ) Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: reported as registered in GRLS UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 depends on Russian registration status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None recognized outside Russia. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: Very limited Card verdict: Very limited (aging, developer-led Russian cohorts) Card note: Gray-market "epithalamin" or "epitalon" vials are a different product from the Russian extract in these studies. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:14523363, PMID:15452611, PMID:40141333, PMID:9701766

### Exenatide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/exenatide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Exenatide: What the evidence says: Strong (type 2 diabetes) · Parkinson's: mixed results, phase 3 negative · Gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic version of exendin-4, a 39-amino-acid peptide first found in Gila monster saliva, and the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in the US: Byetta (twice a day) and Bydureon / Bydureon BCise (extended-release). Gray-market sellers offer "exendin-4" vials. What the evidence says: it lowers blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. In the 14,752-person EXSCEL trial, the extended-release form was safe for the heart but did not significantly reduce heart attacks, strokes or cardiovascular deaths (HR 0.91, P=0.06 for superiority). For Parkinson's disease, a 62-person trial was positive but the larger 194-person phase 3 trial found no benefit. Biggest risks: pancreatitis (including fatal cases), low blood sugar with insulin or sulfonylureas, kidney injury from dehydration, severe stomach side effects, and immune-mediated low platelets with serious bleeding. The extended-release forms (Bydureon, Bydureon BCise) carry a boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors in rodents, like other long-acting GLP-1 drugs. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for type 2 diabetes blood-sugar control ; Limited (mixed results) for Parkinson's disease ; No human data on gray-market "exendin-4" vials Animal Animal / lab evidence Preclinical neuroprotection in Parkinson's models (cited by trial authors, not reviewed here) Regulatory FDA-approved: Byetta NDA 021773, Bydureon NDA 022200, Bydureon BCise NDA 209210; Drugs@FDA lists all three as Discontinued · generic exenatide approved (Amneal ANDA 206697, Nov 19, 2024) · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Type 2 diabetes (labeled): Strong · Parkinson's disease: Limited (mixed results) · Gray-market exendin-4: No human data Card verdict: Strong (type 2 diabetes) · Parkinson's: mixed results, phase 3 negative · Gray-market vials: No human data Card note: Gray-market "exendin-4" is not the approved product, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:15855572, PMID:28781108, PMID:28910237, PMID:39919773

### FOXO4-DRI
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/foxo4-dri/
- **Verdict Summary:** FOXO4-DRI: What the evidence says: No human data (senolytic anti-aging claims rest on mouse and dish studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance FOXO4-DRI has no published human trials . Unknown What it is: a lab-made "D-retro-inverso" peptide designed to break the link between the FOXO4 and p53 proteins inside senescent ("zombie") cells, pushing them to die. What the evidence says: mouse and lab studies only. In mice it restored fur, fitness and kidney function in aged animals. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. It targets p53, a key anti-cancer protein. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Mouse and cell studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: S0 (unapproved substances) applies Established human dose None. Never studied in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal/lab: mouse and cell studies Card verdict: No human data (senolytic anti-aging claims rest on mouse and dish studies only) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:28340339, PMID:39994346

### GHK-Cu (copper peptide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ghk-cu/
- **Verdict Summary:** GHK-Cu: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical skin creams, mixed results) · Injected use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a tiny peptide (3 amino acids: glycine, histidine, lysine) bound to copper. It occurs naturally in the body. It's a common ingredient in skin creams. It is also sold as an injectable "research chemical." What the evidence says: on skin, small and mixed human data. As an injection, essentially untested in people. Biggest risks: for injections, not knowing what's in the vial and having no human safety data. It is reported to help new blood vessels grow, which helps healing but could in theory also feed a tumor. This hasn't been studied in people. Rating Human Human evidence: topical (on the skin) Very limited (mixed results) : one 13-person randomized study (human, on the skin after laser resurfacing) found no difference on objective or blinded measures; only patient satisfaction differed Human Human evidence: injected No human data (no human studies at all; animal studies only) Animal Animal evidence Very limited : three verified rat studies (wound chamber, knee ligament, irradiated skin), mixed results; much of the review literature from one company-affiliated author Regulatory Not FDA-approved as a drug · not named on WADA list Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Topical (on the skin): Very limited (mixed results) · Injected: No human data (no human studies at all; animal studies only, mainly rats) · Animal evidence: Very limited Card verdict: Very limited (topical skin creams, mixed results) · Injected use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page Topical after laser resurfacing: Very limited. The only verified human study (13 people, randomized) found no difference in redness, wrinkles or skin quality on objective measures or by evaluators who didn't know who got what (blinded). Only patient satisfaction differed (p=0.04). It is too small to settle the question. (Miller 2006, PMID 16847171 ) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:16847171, PMID:18644225, PMID:23744835, PMID:25731775, PMID:29986520, PMID:8227353

### GHRP-6
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ghrp-6/
- **Verdict Summary:** GHRP-6: What the evidence says: Moderate (IV diagnostic test for GH deficiency) · Acute GH release: Limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Moderate for single-dose intravenous diagnostic testing of adult growth hormone deficiency (combined with GHRH) (validated against the insulin tolerance test across hundreds of patients and healthy controls, including a 250-subject multicenter Lancet study and a 542-subject obesity cutoff study) - Limited for acute growth hormone release and sleep/hormone profiling in healthy volunteers and short-statured children (small short-term physiological studies showing acute GH, ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin spikes) - No human data (animal/lab only) for muscle growth, fat loss, tendon/ligament repair, wound or scar healing, cardioprotection after heart attack (CIGB-500), or anti-aging Evidence verdict: Single-dose IV diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency (with GHRH): Moderate · Acute pituitary GH/ACTH/cortisol release in short human studies: Limited · Muscle gain, fat loss, tendon/wound healing, cardiac rescue (CIGB-500), or anti-aging: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Moderate (IV diagnostic test for GH deficiency) · Acute GH release: Limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing, anti-aging: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A synthetic 6-amino-acid peptide ( His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 ) containing two unnatural D-amino acids, synthesized by Cyril Bowers and Frank Momany in the early 1980s as the first potent growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a / ghrelin receptor) agonist . Who takes it Endocrinology clinics (historically and in Europe/Latin America) using a single intravenous injection alongside GHRH to test pituitary GH reserve; gray-market bodybuilding and peptide buyers injecting it subcutaneously for muscle mass, appetite stimulation ("the GHRP-6 hunger spike"), joint recovery, or anti-aging. Does it work? As a one-time hospital IV diagnostic test (combined with GHRH), yes —it reliably triggers a large growth hormone pulse that distinguishes healthy pituitaries from GH-deficient ones. As a daily muscle-building, fat-loss, or tissue-healing drug, no human trial has ever shown a benefit. No randomized human trial has ever measured muscle mass, body fat, strength, or injury recovery from GHRP-6. Is it safe? Single IV diagnostic boluses (one-time rapid injections) are generally well tolerated (causing brief facial flushing, sweating, or hunger), but GHRP-6 is non-selective : unlike ipamorelin, it consistently spikes ACTH (the pituitary hormone that triggers cortisol release), cortisol (stress hormone), and prolactin (a pituitary hormone involved in milk production and reproductive signaling) , stimulates intense ghrelin-like hunger , and carries FDA warnings for decreased insulin sensitivity, raised blood glucose, and immunogenicity (immune reactions to the peptide or its aggregates) . Is it legal? Not FDA-approved or EMA-approved. Placed by the US FDA in 503B Category 2 ("Significant Safety Risks") on September 29, 2023 and 503A Category 3 (cannot be legally compounded in the US). WADA: Explicitly banned at all times under Section S2.2.4 ( GH-releasing peptides [GHRPs] ).
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:10336729, PMID:11030292, PMID:11980622, PMID:14725679, PMID:16417467, PMID:16712669, PMID:19946832, PMID:23099431, PMID:27200188, PMID:33272786, PMID:40024561, PMID:7581965

### The "GLOW" blend
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/glow/
- **Verdict Summary:** GLOW blend: What the evidence says: No human data (multi-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500 & GHK-Cu never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Caution Two different molecules are sold as "TB-500." The real TB-500 is a 7-amino-acid fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ). Some sellers list a formula and weight (about 4,963 g/mol) under "TB-500" that belong to the full 43-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) protein , and some contradict themselves on the same page. Research on one doesn't automatically apply to the other, and human trials used only the full protein. Check which one a label describes. See TB-500 . What it is: a gray-market vial that sellers say mixes three peptides: GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500. Seller-listed amounts are in the contents section below (label amounts, not doses). The contents are the seller's claim, not verified fact. What the evidence says: the blend itself has never been studied, in animals or people. Each part has its own thin evidence, covered on its own page. Biggest risks: three unknowns in one vial, plus uncertainty about which "TB-500" molecule is inside. Each ingredient is another chance for the wrong compound, wrong amount or contamination, and no one has studied how they act together. All three ingredients are reported to promote new blood vessel growth, a theoretical tumor concern. Rating Human Human evidence (the blend) No human data (nothing at all: the blend has never been studied in people or animals) Animal Animal evidence (the blend) No animal data (the blend has never been studied in animals) Human GHK-Cu alone, injected, in people No human data (animal studies only; on the skin: Very limited) Human BPC-157 alone, in people Very limited Human TB-500 fragment alone, in people No human data (animal and lab studies only) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · contains WADA-banned components (BPC-157, TB-500) Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Blend in people: No human data (nothing at all) · Blend in animals: No animal data · Each ingredient is rated on its own page Card verdict: No human data (multi-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500 & GHK-Cu never studied together in humans or animals) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22856429, PMID:22962027, PMID:27847966, PMID:29986520, PMID:32334036, PMID:38382158, PMID:42757290

### Glutathione
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/glutathione/
- **Verdict Summary:** Glutathione: What the evidence says: Moderate (IV chemotherapy nerve protection) · Skin lightening (oral/topical): Limited · Subcutaneous wellness/detox shots: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Moderate for preventing nerve damage from cisplatin or oxaliplatin chemotherapy (hospital IV infusion before chemotherapy in 4 small randomized trials totaling 280 cancer patients; not shown for carboplatin/paclitaxel in a 185-person Phase 3 trial) - Limited for modest, temporary skin-meter lightening from oral capsules, buccal lozenges, or topical lotion (2 randomized trials of 60 adults each, 1 split-face trial of 30 women, and 1 single-arm trial of 30 women) - Very limited (mixed results) for IV glutathione for cosmetic skin lightening (1 flawed 50-woman trial with high dropouts, fading visual changes, and liver-test abnormalities reported in 32% of IV recipients plus 1 anaphylactic shock), Parkinson's disease (IV and intranasal randomized trials did not beat placebo), and cystic fibrosis (153-person inhaled trial missed its primary lung-function endpoint) - Very limited for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (1 single-arm oral pilot in 34 adults measuring liver-enzyme drops) - No human data (nothing at all in controlled human trials) for subcutaneous gray-market injections sold for wellness, "detox," or energy Evidence verdict: Chemotherapy nerve protection (cisplatin/oxaliplatin IV): Moderate (not shown for carboplatin/paclitaxel) · Oral/topical skin-meter lightening: Limited · IV cosmetic skin lightening, Parkinson's disease, and inhaled cystic fibrosis: Very limited (mixed results) · Oral NAFLD pilot: Very limited · Subcutaneous wellness/detox injections: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Moderate (IV chemotherapy nerve protection) · Skin lightening (oral/topical): Limited · Subcutaneous wellness/detox shots: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A 3-amino-acid peptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) made inside human cells as the body's main intracellular antioxidant and detoxifying cofactor. Who takes it Wellness and med-spa clients getting IV drips or subcutaneous shots for skin lightening, "liver detox," fatigue, or hangover recovery; people with Parkinson's disease using compounded nasal sprays. Does it work? Hospital IV infusions before cisplatin or oxaliplatin reduced chemotherapy nerve damage in 4 small randomized trials (280 patients total), though a larger 185-patient Phase 3 trial found no benefit with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Oral and topical forms modestly lowered skin-meter melanin readings in small Asian trials. IV skin-lightening drips failed to show lasting benefit in the only controlled trial and carried serious liver and allergic reactions. Parkinson's IV and nasal trials did not beat placebo. Is it safe? Oral capsules and topical creams were well tolerated in short trials. Injectable and IV glutathione carry real risks : anaphylaxis, liver-test abnormalities, and repeated US FDA alerts (2019 and 2026) after nearly 40 patients developed fever, chills, low blood pressure, or hospitalization from bacterial endotoxin in compounded glutathione injections. Philippine regulators also link unapproved IV whitening drips to severe blistering skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), thyroid and kidney injury, and bloodborne infections. Is it legal? Japan: Approved prescription injection ( Tathion ) for drug poisoning, chronic liver disease, radiation side effects, and certain skin pigment disorders. Philippines: Approved as a chemotherapy adjunct; regulators warn strongly against IV skin-whitening use. US: Oral L-glutathione is sold as a dietary supplement; no injectable form is FDA-approved . Listed in FDA 503A Category 1 and 503B Category 1 (under evaluation). WADA: Substance not banned, but hospital-sized IV drips above WADA's volume limit are a banned method for athletes.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12177109, PMID:19230029, PMID:19287306, PMID:20524875, PMID:23631796, PMID:24619793, PMID:25378941, PMID:26148180, PMID:26230671, PMID:27088927, PMID:28436395, PMID:28490897

### Gonadorelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/gonadorelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Gonadorelin: What the evidence says: Limited (pump treatment for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) · Bodybuilding/PCT use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Gonadorelin is natural GnRH made in a lab. It was sold in the US as Factrel (a diagnostic test drug); current US availability: UNVERIFIED , not checked against FDA. It is still used in some countries for pituitary testing and pump treatment. What it is: the same 10-amino-acid hormone the brain uses to tell the pituitary to release LH and FSH. It lasts only minutes, so treatment uses a pump that gives pulses. What the evidence says: small studies in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (a condition where the brain does not send the GnRH signal) show sperm production returns with pump treatment. No trials found for the gray-market use alongside steroids or TRT to "keep the testes working". Biggest risks: rare severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) have been reported. Rating Human Human (pulsatile pump treatment for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) Limited: one small nonrandomized study of 28 men (10 pump vs 18 hCG/hMG) ; historical FDA diagnostic/pump products (Factrel NDA 018123, Lutrepulse) discontinued Human Human (gray-market injections alongside steroids/TRT or for PCT) No human data: no trials found Regulatory Historical FDA approvals discontinued (Factrel NDA 018123, Lutrepulse; openFDA Oct 24, 2026) · Not approved for TRT testicular maintenance · WADA 2026: prohibited at all times in males (S2.2.1, named) Established human dose None for gray-market use. Study arms are in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (CHH pump): Limited · Human (gray-market): No human data Card verdict: Limited (pump treatment for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) · Bodybuilding/PCT use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:26197466, PMID:30569789

### hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/hcg/
- **Verdict Summary:** hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): What the evidence says: Labeled uses (FDA-approved): not rated here · Post-steroid recovery: Very limited · Weight loss: Very limited (mixed results) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance hCG is a prescription biologic. US labels (Novarel, Pregnyl) cover selected cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males, prepubertal undescended testes and ovulation induction. FDA treats it as a biological product, so it cannot be compounded under the usual pharmacy exemptions. What it is: the pregnancy hormone. In men it acts like LH and tells the testes to make testosterone and support sperm production. What the evidence says: for weight loss (the "hCG diet") , controlled trials found it does not work beyond the diet itself, and the US label says so. For recovery after anabolic steroids ("PCT"), there are no randomized trials; two retrospective clinic studies, where hCG was always combined with clomiphene, suggest faster recovery of sperm and testicle size, while many men recover without treatment. Biggest risks: the label lists breast growth in men, headache, mood changes, fluid retention, injection-site pain and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis; in fertility use, ovarian hyperstimulation, multiple births and blood clots. Acne and breast tenderness were reported in men. Rating Human Human (weight loss / "hCG diet") Very limited (mixed results): a 24-trial meta-analysis found no benefit on weight, fat distribution or hunger beyond calorie restriction alone , and the US label states hCG is ineffective for obesity Human Human (recovery after anabolic steroids, "PCT") Very limited: retrospective clinic cohorts (79 and 45 men on clomiphene + hCG) and an observational athlete cohort (18 men during AAS use); no randomized trials isolate hCG alone Human Labeled uses (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, ovulation induction) Not rated here: FDA-approved prescription biologics (Pregnyl BLA 017692, Novarel BLA 017067, Ovidrel BLA 021149) ; pivotal approval trials are not reviewed on this page Regulatory FDA-approved prescription biologic (Pregnyl BLA 017692, Novarel BLA 017067, Ovidrel BLA 021149) · Cannot be compounded under 503A/503B (FDA 2020 biologic transition rule) · WADA 2026: prohibited at all times in males (S2.2.1, named) Established human dose For labeled uses only, see the label. None for weight loss; PCT study regimens are in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Very limited (mixed results) · Human (post-steroid recovery): Very limited · Labeled uses: not rated Card verdict: Labeled uses (FDA-approved): not rated here · Post-steroid recovery: Very limited · Weight loss: Very limited (mixed results) Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:15162244, PMID:30569789, PMID:37769866, PMID:41147237, PMID:42644333, PMID:8527285

### Hexarelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/hexarelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Hexarelin: What the evidence says: Limited (acute GH release / endocrine testing) · Body composition, heart LVEF, short stature: Very limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Limited for acute pituitary growth-hormone (GH) release and diagnostic GH-reserve testing (small human endocrine studies showing large single-dose GH spikes—alongside cortisol, ACTH, and prolactin rises—that partially blunt with repeated dosing) - Very limited for short-term cardiac ejection-fraction changes during acute hospital IV administration (4 small acute IV studies totaling 51 evaluated men/patients showing a 15–90 minute rise in left-ventricular ejection fraction in healthy men, GH-deficient adults, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and cardiac surgery, but no effect in dilated cardiomyopathy and zero multi-week heart-failure outcome trials), pediatric short stature (1 unblinded 7-child intranasal pilot with rapid GH blunting), and adult IGF-1 or body composition (1 multi-month subcutaneous study in 24 older adults found no significant increase in serum IGF-1 and no change in lean mass, fat mass, or bone density ) - No human data (animal/lab only) for gray-market muscle building, fat loss, tendon/ligament healing, or anti-aging Evidence verdict: Acute pituitary GH release / diagnostic testing: Limited · Adult IGF-1/body composition, acute hospital IV cardiac ejection fraction, and pediatric intranasal short stature: Very limited · Gray-market muscle gain, fat loss, tendon healing, or anti-aging: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Limited (acute GH release / endocrine testing) · Body composition, heart LVEF, short stature: Very limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A synthetic 6-amino-acid growth-hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) and ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist; its international nonproprietary drug name is examorelin . Who takes it Gray-market peptide users and bodybuilders injecting it subcutaneously in short cycles for growth-hormone pulses, muscle gain, fat loss, or joint recovery. Does it work? A single dose triggers one of the largest acute growth-hormone spikes of any synthetic GHRP in humans. However, the pituitary rapidly desensitizes with repeated dosing. In the main multi-month subcutaneous human study (24 healthy older adults), the GH response dropped by roughly half, blood IGF-1 did not rise significantly, and lean mass, fat mass, and bone density did not change at all. Small hospital IV studies showed a brief 15-to-90-minute bump in heart pumping fraction, with no long-term heart-failure trials. Is it safe? Unlike more selective ghrelin mimetics (such as ipamorelin), hexarelin consistently raises cortisol, ACTH, and prolactin alongside growth hormone after each dose, and frequently causes transient facial flushing. Long-term human safety has never been tested in large trials. Is it legal? Not approved by any regulatory agency worldwide. Not on the US FDA 503A or 503B compounding lists (cannot be legally compounded for human use in the US). Explicitly banned at all times by WADA under Section S2.2.4 as examorelin (hexarelin) .
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:10342360, PMID:10469018, PMID:10516483, PMID:10528131, PMID:11888836, PMID:11959048, PMID:12144941, PMID:8126144, PMID:8766941, PMID:9589671

### Humanin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/humanin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Humanin: What the evidence says: No human data (neuroprotection & longevity claims rest on animal and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Humanin has no published treatment trials in people . Unknown What it is: a small peptide made by the body from a gene in the mitochondria, discovered in 2001 for protecting brain cells in an Alzheimer's model. Lab versions include the stronger analog HNG (S14G-humanin). What the evidence says: cell and animal studies only. Human studies just measure the body's own humanin levels; they do not test giving it. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data on giving humanin or HNG Animal Animal / lab evidence Cell and mouse studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: S0 (unapproved substances) applies Established human dose None. Never tested in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal/lab: cell and mouse studies Card verdict: No human data (neuroprotection & longevity claims rest on animal and cell studies only) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11327724, PMID:38045183

### IGF-1 LR3
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/igf-1-lr3/
- **Verdict Summary:** IGF-1 LR3: What the evidence says: No human data (muscle & fat-loss claims untested in humans; engineered to resist normal IGF-1 binding) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made, longer version of the body's own growth hormone helper, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). "LR3" stands for "Long" plus a swapped amino acid (arginine at position 3). The changes make it bind less to the proteins that normally hold IGF-1 in check, so it stays active longer. It was made as a cell-culture reagent for laboratories. It is sold online for muscle growth and fat loss. Caution There is no human trial data for IGF-1 LR3. None. It has never been tested in people in any published study we could find. Everything known about it comes from cells and animals. Mecasermin (Increlex), the approved IGF-1 drug, is a different molecule. Its trial results do not apply to LR3. What the evidence says: no human data. In growth-restricted fetal sheep it did not improve growth. In Alzheimer's-model mice it changed brain plaques but did not protect memory. No study tested muscle or fat benefits. Biggest risks: low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be severe enough to cause seizures with the approved IGF-1. There is also a theoretical cancer risk, because IGF-1 drives cell growth. And you can't know what's in the vial. Claim Rating Unknown Muscle growth, fat loss, recovery, "anti-aging" No human data (animal/lab only) Animal Animal / lab evidence Cell-growth reagent; fetal sheep (no growth benefit) and Alzheimer's-model mouse (no memory benefit) studies Human Approved relative (mecasermin, Increlex) Not LR3. Approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency in children only Regulatory Not approved anywhere · not in any FDA 503A/503B nomination category · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S2.3, "IGF-1 and its analogues") Established human dose Unknown None for LR3 Evidence verdict: All claimed uses: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: No human data (muscle & fat-loss claims untested in humans; engineered to resist normal IGF-1 binding) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:1378742, PMID:15110491, PMID:20675162, PMID:39610283, PMID:39679943

### Ipamorelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ipamorelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Ipamorelin: What the evidence says: Very limited (short-term GH release; post-surgery gut recovery, mixed results) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made peptide of 5 amino acids that mimics ghrelin (a hunger hormone) and pushes the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. Novo Nordisk developed it in the 1990s. Helsinn later tested it in people as an IV drip to help the gut restart after bowel surgery. It is often sold together with CJC-1295. See our CJC-1295 page and the Ipamorelin + CJC-1295 overview . What the evidence says: in people it raises growth hormone for a short time. A higher hormone level isn't the same as a health benefit. In its one published patient trial, it did no better than placebo at speeding gut recovery after surgery. A second, larger trial finished in 2014 and its results were never published. No study in people has tested muscle, fat loss, healing, sleep or aging. Biggest risks: not knowing what's in the vial. FDA cites serious adverse events, including deaths, in the one published IV ipamorelin trial. FDA said it is unclear whether the drug caused them. Long-term effects of raised growth hormone are unknown. Claim Rating Human Raises growth hormone in people Very limited : one dose-escalation study in 40 healthy men, single IV infusion, no placebo group Human Gut recovery after bowel surgery Very limited (mixed results) : one published placebo-controlled trial (114 patients) found no significant benefit ; a second trial (320 enrolled) never published results. This is not support for the use Unknown Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging No human data (nothing at all in people; we also found no animal study of these outcomes on PubMed for this page) Animal Animal evidence Rat and pig hormone studies; rat studies of gut movement after surgery Regulatory Not FDA-approved · FDA 503B Category 2 ; also listed as formerly 503A Category 2, nomination withdrawn · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S2.2.4) Established human dose Unknown None. No regulator has reviewed a dose Evidence verdict: Very limited (raises growth hormone) / Very limited, mixed results (gut recovery after surgery) / No human data (muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging) Card verdict: Very limited (short-term GH release; post-surgery gut recovery, mixed results) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page What "mixed results" means here: A real study in people tested gut recovery and didn't find a clear benefit. Any difference was small enough that it could have been chance. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:10496658, PMID:19289567, PMID:25331030, PMID:27186127, PMID:30136411, PMID:9849822

### Ipamorelin + CJC-1295
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ipamorelin-cjc-1295/
- **Verdict Summary:** Ipamorelin + CJC-1295: What the evidence says: No human data (combined stack untested together; each raises GH briefly without proven clinical outcomes) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: ipamorelin and CJC-1295 are often sold together as a blend. They are two separate peptides with separate evidence . Both push the body to release growth hormone, but in different ways: ipamorelin mimics ghrelin (a hunger hormone), and CJC-1295 copies GHRH, the brain's growth-hormone "on" signal. Each has its own page. What the evidence says: both raise growth hormone for a while in small studies. A higher hormone level isn't the same as a health benefit. Neither has human data for muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep or anti-aging. Nobody has studied the two taken together. Card verdict: No human data (combined stack untested together; each raises GH briefly without proven clinical outcomes) Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** See monograph

### Kisspeptin-10
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kisspeptin-10/
- **Verdict Summary:** Kisspeptin-10: What the evidence says: Very limited (short-term LH & testosterone rise in lab studies) · Libido, fertility, muscle, energy: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: the shortest active piece (10 amino acids) of kisspeptin, a natural brain hormone that switches on GnRH, the signal that tells the pituitary to release LH and FSH, which in turn drive testosterone, sperm and ovulation. Researchers use it in hormone studies. Gray-market "kisspeptin-10" vials are sold for raising testosterone, libido and fertility, often as "research use only." What the evidence says: small hormone studies (4 to 15 people per study) show kisspeptin-10 raises LH and testosterone in healthy men for hours to days. A higher hormone level isn't a health benefit. In women it worked only around ovulation, not early in the cycle. No study has tested whether it improves libido, fertility, muscle, energy or any other health outcome. Biggest risks: FDA flags possible immune reactions and impurity problems for compounded versions and says it lacks safety information. The published studies give little safety detail. Caution [UNVERIFIED: adverse events in the full study reports not checked] Long-term effects on the body's own hormone system are unknown. Claim Rating Human Raising LH and testosterone in healthy men (gray-market "testosterone boost") Very limited : a few small studies (up to 15 men), hours to 12 days; hormone levels only, not a health benefit Human Raising LH in women Very limited (mixed results) : no effect early in the cycle; an effect around ovulation; 4–5 women per group Unknown Libido, sexual function, fertility, muscle or energy (gray-market uses) No human data (nothing at all in human trials of kisspeptin-10). Studies of a longer form, kisspeptin-54, don't transfer Animal Animal evidence Many rodent, fish and cell studies; not reviewed in detail for this page Regulatory Never approved anywhere · 503A: Category 2 (significant safety risks, since Sept 29, 2023) · 503B: not nominated · WADA 2026: banned at all times for men (S2.2.1, named: "kisspeptin and its agonist analogues") Established human dose Unknown None Evidence verdict: Raising LH and testosterone in men: Very limited · Raising LH in women: Very limited (mixed results) · Libido, fertility, muscle and energy: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Very limited (short-term LH & testosterone rise in lab studies) · Libido, fertility, muscle, energy: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:21632807, PMID:21976724, PMID:33227799, PMID:40215751, PMID:42549827

### Kisspeptin-54
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kisspeptin-54/
- **Verdict Summary:** Kisspeptin-54: What the evidence says: Limited (IVF egg-maturation trigger) · Gray-market uses: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: the full-length, 54-amino-acid form of kisspeptin (also called metastin), the body's main circulating kisspeptin. It signals the brain to release GnRH, which drives the reproductive hormones LH and FSH. See also the shorter fragment kisspeptin-10 . What the evidence says: small phase 2 trials at one London IVF clinic found a single injection could trigger egg maturation in IVF, including in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). No trials test the gray-market uses (libido, testosterone, bodybuilding). Unknown Biggest risks: in the IVF trials, no woman developed moderate or worse OHSS after a single trigger. Long-term and repeated-use safety outside supervised IVF is unknown. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence Limited: IVF egg-maturation trigger, small phase 2 trials from one centre · Gray-market uses: No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Investigational · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Human: Limited (IVF trigger); gray-market uses: No human data Card verdict: Limited (IVF egg-maturation trigger) · Gray-market uses: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:25036713, PMID:26192876, PMID:28854728, PMID:33196464

### The "KLOW" blend
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/klow/
- **Verdict Summary:** KLOW blend: What the evidence says: No human data (4-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu & KPV never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a gray-market vial mixing four peptides: GHK-Cu, KPV, BPC-157 and TB-500. [UNVERIFIED: blend composition comes from product listings, not a primary source] What the evidence says: the blend itself has never been studied, in animals or people. Each part has its own thin evidence, covered separately below. Biggest risks: four unknowns in one vial. Four ingredients mean four chances for the wrong compound, wrong amount or contamination, and no one has studied how they act together. Rating Human Human evidence (the blend) No human data (nothing at all: the blend has never been studied in people or animals) Animal Animal evidence (the blend) No studies (the blend has never been studied in animals) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · contains WADA-banned components (BPC-157, TB-500) Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Blend in people: No human data (nothing at all) · Blend in animals: No studies · Each ingredient is rated on its own page Card verdict: No human data (4-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu & KPV never studied together in humans or animals) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18061177, PMID:18092346

### KPV
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/kpv/
- **Verdict Summary:** KPV: What the evidence says: No human data (gut inflammation & skin claims rest on mouse colitis and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a tiny peptide of 3 amino acids, lysine-proline-valine (Lys-Pro-Val). It is the last three building blocks (the "tail end") of alpha-MSH, a hormone the body makes that also calms inflammation. It is sold online for gut inflammation (colitis and inflammatory bowel disease), skin and wound healing, and as one of the four parts of the KLOW blend . What the evidence says: in mice, KPV given by mouth reduced chemically caused colitis, and lab cells take it up through a gut transporter called PepT1. Skin and wound claims rest on cell studies and one rabbit eye study. No published study has given KPV to people. A lab or animal change isn't a health benefit. Biggest risks: not knowing what's in the vial, and no human safety data at all. Claim Rating Unknown Gut inflammation (colitis, IBD) No human data (animal and lab studies only) Unknown Skin and wound healing No human data (animal and lab studies only) Unknown As part of KLOW No human data (nothing at all: the blend has never been studied) — see KLOW Animal Animal evidence Mouse colitis studies, mostly from one lab group; one rabbit eye-wound study Regulatory Not FDA-approved · on FDA's list of substances previously in Category 2 whose nominations were withdrawn · not on the 503A or 503B bulks lists · WADA 2026: not named; likely covered by S0, unconfirmed by WADA Established human dose Unknown None. No regulator has reviewed a dose Evidence verdict: No human data (gut inflammation: animal and lab only; skin and wound healing: animal and lab only; KLOW blend: nothing at all) Card verdict: No human data (gut inflammation & skin claims rest on mouse colitis and cell studies only) Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:16965771, PMID:18061177, PMID:18092346, PMID:19909746, PMID:26132941, PMID:27458604, PMID:28143741, PMID:40073467

### Larazotide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/larazotide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Larazotide: What the evidence says: Limited (celiac disease symptoms, mixed results) · "Leaky gut" use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: larazotide acetate (AT-1001), an 8-amino-acid peptide taken by mouth that was developed to tighten the junctions between gut lining cells, as a treatment for celiac disease. Gray-market sellers market it for "leaky gut." What the evidence says: mixed. In a 342-person trial, only the lowest of three doses beat placebo on celiac symptoms; higher doses did not. It did not measurably change gut permeability in trials. A 12-child trial in post-COVID inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) reported faster recovery. A phase 3 celiac trial (NCT03569007) was terminated by its sponsor in 2022; its results have not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. Biggest risks: it was well tolerated in trials; headache and urinary tract infection were the most common side effects in one trial. Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence Limited (mixed results) for celiac symptoms ; Very limited for MIS-C (12 children) ; No human data for "leaky gut" use Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (not reviewed for this page) Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · WADA: not named; S0 likely applies as an unapproved drug UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Celiac disease: Limited · "Leaky gut" use: No human data Card verdict: Limited (celiac disease symptoms, mixed results) · "Leaky gut" use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22825365, PMID:25683116, PMID:34339872, PMID:40737433

### Leuprolide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/leuprolide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Leuprolide: What the evidence says: Strong (prostate cancer, endometriosis, early puberty) · Gray-market: No human data · Banned in male athletes (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 9-amino-acid GnRH agonist (leuprorelin) that, after a first surge, shuts down the body's sex-hormone production. Sold as Lupron Depot, Eligard, Fensolvi, Camcevi and generics for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, fibroid-related anemia and central precocious puberty. What the evidence says: it is a standard way to lower testosterone in advanced prostate cancer; in a 603-man trial, adding flutamide to leuprolide extended survival (35.6 vs 28.3 months). In a 52-woman endometriosis trial it relieved pain better than placebo. Biggest risks: a testosterone "flare" (about 50% above baseline) in the first weeks that can worsen bone pain or urinary blockage; metabolic changes including diabetes; heart attack, sudden cardiac death and stroke reported in men; QT prolongation; and bone loss. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for labeled uses (prostate cancer, endometriosis, central precocious puberty) ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Not reviewed for this page Regulatory FDA-approved (Lupron Depot NDAs 019732, 020011, 020517, 020708; Lupron Depot-PED NDA 020263; Eligard; Fensolvi; Camcevi; generics) · WADA: prohibited at all times in males (S2.2.1, "leuprorelin") Established human dose For labeled uses: on the FDA labels . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Labeled uses: Strong · Gray-market/off-label endocrine use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (prostate cancer, endometriosis, early puberty) · Gray-market: No human data · Banned in male athletes Card note: Lowers testosterone after an initial surge, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:2118858, PMID:2503724

### Linaclotide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/linaclotide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Linaclotide: What the evidence says: Strong (IBS with constipation, chronic constipation) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 14-amino-acid peptide taken by mouth that acts inside the gut (guanylate cyclase-C agonist), sold as Linzess for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), chronic idiopathic constipation and pediatric functional constipation. Generics have been approved. What the evidence says: in phase 3 trials it beat placebo: 33.7% vs 13.9% met FDA's combined pain-and-bowel responder goal in IBS-C , and 16–21% vs 3–6% met the main goal in chronic constipation. Biggest risks: boxed warning: contraindicated under age 2 because of fatal dehydration in newborn mice. Diarrhea is the main side effect and led 4.2% to stop in the constipation trials. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for IBS-C and chronic idiopathic constipation ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Neonatal mouse deaths from dehydration (label) Regulatory FDA-approved: Linzess NDA 202811 (Aug 30, 2012); generic ANDAs approved · boxed warning · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: IBS-C and chronic constipation (labeled): Strong · Gray-market use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (IBS with constipation, chronic constipation) · Gray-market: No human data Card note: Never for children under 2, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:21830967, PMID:22986437

### Liraglutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/liraglutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Liraglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (approved uses: weight management, type 2 diabetes) · Gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist, sold as Victoza (type 2 diabetes) and Saxenda (weight management). Generic versions and compounded or gray-market products are also sold. UNVERIFIED What the evidence says: large trials show it works. In 3,731 adults without diabetes, it led to 8.4 kg average weight loss vs 2.8 kg on placebo over 56 weeks. Over 3 years it lowered the rate of new type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. In 9,340 people with type 2 diabetes it reduced heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths (HR 0.87). Biggest risks: boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors in rodents; pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, low blood sugar with other diabetes drugs, faster heart rate and kidney injury from dehydration. Stomach side effects are the most common reason to stop. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for weight management and type 2 diabetes outcomes ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Rodent thyroid C-cell tumors (label) Regulatory FDA-approved (Victoza NDA 022341 ; Saxenda NDA 206321 ; labels on DailyMed) · generics approved (ANDAs, first Dec 23, 2024) · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled uses: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Type 2 diabetes and weight management (labeled): Strong · Gray-market use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (approved uses: weight management, type 2 diabetes) · Gray-market vials: No human data Card note: Gray-market vials are not the approved product, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:26132939, PMID:27295427, PMID:28237263

### Livagen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/livagen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Livagen: What the evidence says: No human data (liver & chromatin claims rest on developer-led lab and animal studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, "KEDA") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for liver health and anti-aging. What the evidence says: no human trials found. Developer-led and Georgian lab studies report chromatin (DNA-packaging) changes in white blood cells from very old people, and a review describes liver-protective effects in animals. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): lab-dish chromatin and animal liver studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (liver & chromatin claims rest on developer-led lab and animal studies only) Card note: Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12533768, PMID:15085253, PMID:16705247, PMID:32362099

### LL-37
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ll-37/
- **Verdict Summary:** LL-37: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical leg & foot ulcers, mixed results; intratumoral melanoma) · Injected immune, gut, healing, anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 37-amino-acid peptide the human body makes itself. It is the active piece of a protein called cathelicidin (hCAP18), made by skin, gut-lining and white blood cells as part of the body's first-line defense against germs. A lab-made version was developed as a wound treatment by Pergamum AB and then Promore Pharma AB (Sweden), under the official name ropocamptide . Gray-market "LL-37" vials are sold for immune support, infections, gut health, healing and anti-aging. What the evidence says: two company-run placebo-controlled trials of a cream on hard-to-heal leg ulcers point in different directions. The first, small trial (34 people) looked good at the two lower strengths. The larger phase 2 trial (mid-size studies testing doses and early effects; 148 people) found no difference from placebo overall. One small trial in Indonesia (25 people) found faster healing of diabetic foot ulcers with an LL-37 cream. A tiny cancer trial injected it into melanoma skin tumors. No trial has tested the injections people buy online. Biggest risks: the cream trials reported no safety concerns. One melanoma patient given injections into tumors developed many wart-like skin growths that cleared after stopping. FDA says it lacks safety information on compounded LL-37, and that animal and lab research suggests harm to male reproduction and that it can help tumors grow in some tissues. Plus not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers (cream) Very limited (mixed results) : a 34-person trial looked positive at two of three strengths; the larger 148-person phase 2 trial found no difference from placebo overall. Both run by the developing companies Human Diabetic foot ulcers (cream) Very limited : one 25-person placebo-controlled trial in Jakarta, Indonesia; university-funded; authors declared no conflicts Human Melanoma (injected into tumors) Very limited : one early cancer trial (4 enrolled, 3 treated; no comparison group) plus one case report Animal Immune support, infections, gut health, "healing" or anti-aging from injections (gray-market use) No human data (animal/lab only) Regulatory Not approved anywhere · on FDA's compounding "significant safety risks" page, under "nominated but withdrawn" · not in any FDA 503A nomination category · 503B: not nominated · WADA 2026: not named; The Open Peptide Project's reading is that it falls under S0 (non-approved substances, banned at all times), not a WADA ruling Established human dose Unknown None Evidence verdict: Venous leg ulcers: Very limited (mixed results) · Diabetic foot ulcers: Very limited · Melanoma: Very limited · Immune, infection, gut, healing and anti-aging uses from injections: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Very limited (topical leg & foot ulcers, mixed results; intratumoral melanoma) · Injected immune, gut, healing, anti-aging: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:16716248, PMID:17676051, PMID:17873860, PMID:23246832, PMID:25041740, PMID:26433491, PMID:29665030, PMID:34687253, PMID:36980564, PMID:37480520

### MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/maritide/
- **Verdict Summary:** MariTide (Maridebart Cafraglutide): What the evidence says: Limited (monthly injection for weight loss & type 2 diabetes in one phase 2 trial; phase 3 ongoing) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental injected drug made by joining an antibody to two GLP-1 peptides. It switches on the GLP-1 receptor (the target of semaglutide) and blocks the GIP receptor, the opposite of what tirzepatide does at GIP. It is built to last a long time in the body, so shots are less frequent. It is developed by Amgen. What the evidence says: one phase 2 trial, funded by Amgen, found clearly more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment) in adults with obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes. Blood sugar also fell in people with diabetes. The large phase 3 trials are still running. Biggest risks: stomach side effects were common, especially without a slow start. Long-term safety, heart outcomes and the effects of blocking GIP over many years are unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Because this is an antibody-based drug, home-made or gray-market copies are especially unlikely to be the real thing. Human Human evidence (weight, with or without type 2 diabetes) Limited: one phase 2 RCT (randomized controlled trial; 592 people) plus a phase 1 trial; all funded by Amgen; no phase 3 results; long-term safety unknown Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Limited: HbA1c fell in a 127-person cohort of the phase 2 trial, a secondary result; a dedicated phase 2 diabetes trial has only company summaries Human Heart outcomes, heart failure, sleep apnea Not rated: phase 3 trials are running and have no results Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Limited · Human (type 2 diabetes): Limited · Heart and other outcomes: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (monthly injection for weight loss & type 2 diabetes in one phase 2 trial; phase 3 ongoing) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:38316982, PMID:40549887, PMID:41941715

### Mazdutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mazdutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Mazdutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in Chinese phase 3 trials; approved in China, not FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made peptide that acts on two hormone receptors at once: GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and glucagon, a hormone that can raise energy use and affect liver fat. It is injected under the skin. It was developed by Innovent Biologics in China with Eli Lilly. What the evidence says: two phase 3 trials in China found clearly more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment), and two phase 3 trials in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes found better blood-sugar control than placebo or dulaglutide (Trulicity). A smaller US phase 2 trial found similar weight loss. Every trial was funded by Innovent or Lilly, and nearly all the large ones enrolled only Chinese adults. Biggest risks: stomach side effects, especially vomiting, nausea and diarrhea, which were far more common than on placebo. Long-term safety, heart outcomes and the effects of the glucagon part over many years are unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight, without diabetes) Moderate: two phase 3 RCTs (randomized controlled trials) in China, 461 and 610 people, plus a US phase 2 RCT of 179 people; all sponsor-funded; approved only in China; long-term safety unknown Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Moderate: two phase 3 RCTs in China (320 and 731 people), one against an approved GLP-1 drug; sponsor-funded; Chinese adults only Human Heart outcomes Not rated: no heart-outcomes trial results found Human Liver disease (MASH, fatty liver with inflammation) Not rated: only animal studies and conference abstracts found; no peer-reviewed human liver trial results Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Approved in China for weight management, June 2025, and type 2 diabetes, Sept 2025 (confirmed in Adis Drugs and HKEX/ce.cn notices ; <span class="tag unverified">UNVERIFIED</span> direct on nmpa.gov.cn due to host block) · EU, Japan: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA or PMDA · WADA: not named Established human dose Approved in China only. The Chinese label is not reproduced here. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Moderate · Human (type 2 diabetes): Moderate · Heart outcomes: not rated · Liver: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in Chinese phase 3 trials; approved in China, not FDA-approved) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:37943529, PMID:38092790, PMID:40421736, PMID:41028652, PMID:41260459, PMID:41407859, PMID:41407860, PMID:42251595, PMID:42628555

### Melanotan I (afamelanotide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/melanotan-i/
- **Verdict Summary:** Melanotan I (afamelanotide): What the evidence says: Moderate (EPP sun intolerance, FDA-approved implant Scenesse) · Tanning, vitiligo, stroke: Very limited · Sunburn & skin cancer prevention in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made 13-amino-acid copy of alpha-MSH, the body's own skin-darkening hormone, with two amino acids swapped to make it last longer ([Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH). It is thought to work mainly through MC1R, the receptor on pigment cells. It was made at the University of Arizona as "melanotan-1" and later developed by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals (Australia) under the official name afamelanotide . Gray-market "melanotan I" or "MT1" vials are sold for tanning and "sun protection." What the evidence says: in EPP, two placebo-controlled trials (compared with a dummy treatment; 168 people) found more pain-free time in sunlight and better quality of life, backed by long-term follow-up in Europe. For tanning in healthy people, the only study we found gave a short course of injections to 7 volunteers with no comparison group. No study has tested whether it protects healthy people from sunburn or skin cancer. Biggest risks: with the approved implant, implant-site reactions, nausea, darker skin and darker moles, plus rare serious allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) reported after approval. With unregulated "melanotan" products, case reports describe changing and new moles and melanomas, though cause is not proven. Plus not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Painful light sensitivity in EPP (approved Scenesse implant) Moderate : two placebo-controlled trials (74 and 94 people) plus long-term observational studies; funded mainly by Clinuvel Human Vitiligo, with light therapy Very limited : one 55-person randomized trial with no placebo implant; funding UNVERIFIED Human Acute stroke Very limited : one 6-person study with no comparison group; Clinuvel-sponsored Human Cosmetic tanning in healthy people (gray-market use) Very limited : one short study in 7 volunteers, no comparison group; skin darkened at 3 of 8 sites. No safety study of tanning use Unknown Sunburn or skin cancer protection in healthy people (gray-market claim) No human data (nothing at all in human trials). Darker skin is not proof of protection Regulatory Approved (Scenesse implant) in the EU (Dec 22, 2014) and US (Oct 8, 2019), for EPP only · 503A: not in any category · 503B: not nominated · WADA 2026: not named; the Open Peptide Project's reading is that it is not prohibited, not a WADA ruling Established human dose Only the approved Scenesse implant for EPP, given by a trained professional. Unknown None for injections or tanning Evidence verdict: EPP (approved implant): Moderate · Vitiligo: Very limited · Stroke: Very limited · Cosmetic tanning: Very limited · Sun and skin cancer protection in healthy people: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Moderate (EPP sun intolerance, FDA-approved implant Scenesse) · Tanning, vitiligo, stroke: Very limited · Sunburn & skin cancer prevention in healthy people: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11045725, PMID:23884489, PMID:25230094, PMID:25470471, PMID:25494545, PMID:26132941, PMID:28266027, PMID:28363699, PMID:31987791, PMID:33721252, PMID:37496004, PMID:40082741

### Melanotan II
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/melanotan-ii/
- **Verdict Summary:** Melanotan II: What the evidence says: Very limited (erections in men, short-term tanning) · Long-term tanning safety & skin cancer prevention: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made, ring-shaped 7-amino-acid copy of part of alpha-MSH, the body's own skin-darkening hormone. It switches on several melanocortin receptors (molecular "locks" involved in skin color, appetite and sexual function) at once. It was made at the University of Arizona in the 1990s. It is sold online as "tanning injections," nasal sprays and drops, often called "MT2" or the "Barbie drug." What the evidence says: two tiny placebo-controlled studies (10 men each) found it caused erections, and a pilot study in 3 men found skin darkening. Nausea and other side effects occurred in all three. That is the whole of the published human trial record. No study has tested whether it is safe to use for tanning, or whether it protects against skin cancer. Biggest risks: changing or new moles and reported melanoma, painful erections that won't go away (priapism), muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), kidney damage, and brain swelling (PRES), all from published case reports. Plus nausea, sleepiness and not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Tanning / skin darkening Very limited : one pilot study in 3 healthy men saw darker skin; no safety study of tanning use Human Erections / sexual function in men Very limited : two small crossover trials (10 men each), placebo-controlled; never developed further Unknown Skin cancer prevention, "sun protection", weight loss No human data (nothing at all in human trials). Darker skin is not proof of protection Animal Animal evidence Appetite, erection and nerve studies in rodents; not reviewed in detail for this page Regulatory Never approved anywhere · FDA warning letter (2007) · warnings from UK MHRA, Irish HPRA, Danish Medicines Agency, Australian TGA · on FDA's compounding "significant safety risks" page · not in any FDA 503A/503B nomination category · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S0, not named) Established human dose Unknown None Evidence verdict: Tanning: Very limited · Erections in men: Very limited · Skin cancer prevention and other uses: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Very limited (erections in men, short-term tanning) · Long-term tanning safety & skin cancer prevention: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11018622, PMID:19174439, PMID:19575725, PMID:21547334, PMID:21564053, PMID:22724573, PMID:23121206, PMID:23537392, PMID:23648958, PMID:24334249, PMID:24355990, PMID:26456392

### MGF / PEG-MGF (mechano growth factor)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mgf/
- **Verdict Summary:** MGF / PEG-MGF (mechano growth factor): What the evidence says: No human data (muscle-repair claims rest on animal and cell studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance MGF and PEG-MGF have no published human trials . Unknown What it is: MGF is a splice variant of IGF-1 made in muscle after strain. Vendors sell a short synthetic "E-domain" peptide (sometimes PEGylated to last longer) under this name. What the evidence says: lab and animal studies only, mostly heart-attack and cell models. One lab study found the commonly sold short MGF peptides did not activate the IGF-1 receptor at all. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Cell and rodent studies; mixed Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: prohibited at all times (S2.3, "Mechano growth factors (MGFs)" named) Established human dose None. Never studied in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal/lab: mixed Card verdict: No human data (muscle-repair claims rest on animal and cell studies only) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:23125840, PMID:23712705, PMID:25466910, PMID:26991004

### MK-677 (ibutamoren)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mk-677/
- **Verdict Summary:** MK-677 (ibutamoren): What the evidence says: Limited (raises GH/IGF-1 and lean mass) · Gray-market use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: ibutamoren (MK-677). It is not a peptide: it is an oral ghrelin-receptor agonist (a small-molecule pill) that makes the body release more growth hormone. It is included because it is sold alongside peptides. What the evidence says: it reliably raises growth hormone and IGF-1 and added about 1 kg of lean mass in older adults over a year , but trials found no improvement in most function measures after hip fracture and no effect on Alzheimer's disease. Biggest risks: raised blood sugar and lowered insulin sensitivity ; a heart-failure safety signal stopped a hip-fracture trial early ; increased appetite, swelling and muscle pain. Rating Human Human evidence Limited for raising GH/IGF-1 and lean mass ; Very limited (mixed results) for function or disease outcomes ; No human data for body-building use in young adults Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (not reviewed for this page) Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · WADA: prohibited at all times, S2.2.4 Established human dose None. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: GH/IGF-1 and lean mass: Limited · Function or disease outcomes: Very limited (mixed results) · Gray-market body-building use: No human data Card verdict: Limited (raises GH/IGF-1 and lean mass) · Gray-market use: No human data Card note: Not a peptide: an oral ghrelin-receptor agonist. Varies by use, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18981485, PMID:19015485, PMID:21067829, PMID:9467542

### MOTS-c
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/mots-c/
- **Verdict Summary:** MOTS-c: What the evidence says: No human data (metabolic & exercise claims rest on mouse studies; untested as a human treatment) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA (the small genome inside the cell's energy factories). It was discovered in 2015. It is sold online as a "research chemical" for metabolism and exercise capacity. What the evidence says: promising in mice. Essentially untested in people as a supplement. Biggest risks: not knowing what's in the vial, and no human safety data for injected MOTS-c. Rating Human Human evidence No human data (animal and lab studies only) for taking MOTS-c (human data only show the body's own levels rise with exercise) Animal Animal evidence Very limited , mostly one lab (the USC group that discovered it; key authors disclose CohBar ties) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · WADA-banned (named, S4) Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Human: No human data (animal and lab studies only) · Animal: Very limited, mostly one lab Card verdict: No human data (metabolic & exercise claims rest on mouse studies; untested as a human treatment) Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:25738459, PMID:33473109

### NAD+
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/nad-plus/
- **Verdict Summary:** NAD+: What the evidence says: Moderate (oral NR/NMN raising blood NAD+) · Oral health outcomes: Limited · IV NAD+: Very limited · Injected NAD+: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a molecule every cell uses to turn food into energy and to repair DNA. It is not a peptide. It is sold two very different ways: as oral supplements of "precursors" the body turns into NAD+ (mainly nicotinamide riboside, NR, and nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMN), and as NAD+ itself, given by IV drip or injection at wellness clinics. The evidence for these two is very different, so this page keeps them apart. What the evidence says: oral NR and NMN reliably raise NAD+ levels in blood, but raising a blood level is not the same as a health benefit, and effects on health outcomes in trials are mostly null or small. IV and injected NAD+ have almost no controlled human evidence. Biggest risks: with IV NAD+, uncomfortable infusion reactions (stomach symptoms, faster heart rate, chest pressure) that ease when the drip is slowed or stopped. With any product, not knowing what is in it. Long-term safety is unknown for every route. Rating (proposed) Human Oral NR / NMN: raising NAD+ levels Moderate : several placebo-controlled RCTs consistently show higher blood NAD+ Human Oral NR / NMN: health outcomes Limited : RCTs are small and short; results mostly null or small Human IV NAD+ Very limited : one pharmacokinetic pilot (tracking what happens to the drug in the body) and one retrospective clinic chart review (looking back at past records); no outcome trials Human Injected NAD+ (under the skin / into muscle) Unknown No controlled human data found Regulatory NMN and NR: sold as dietary supplements (FDA reversed its 2022 NMN exclusion in Sept 2025) · IV/injectable NAD+: not an FDA-approved drug ; compounded under FDA's interim "Category 1" policy · not named on WADA's 2026 list, but large IV drips are a banned method for athletes Established human dose Unknown None. No route has an FDA-approved dose This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. Card verdict: Moderate (oral NR/NMN raising blood NAD+) · Oral health outcomes: Limited · IV NAD+: Very limited · Injected NAD+: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:29599478, PMID:29992272, PMID:31572171, PMID:33888596, PMID:35235774, PMID:35927255, PMID:40275690, PMID:41655607, PMID:41704678, PMID:41915584, PMID:42514320

### Octreotide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/octreotide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Octreotide: What the evidence says: Strong (acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors) · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a cyclic 8-amino-acid analog of somatostatin, sold as Sandostatin (injection), Sandostatin LAR Depot, Bynfezia Pen, Mycapssa (oral capsules) and generics for acromegaly and hormone-secreting neuroendocrine tumors. What the evidence says: in a 115-person acromegaly trial it lowered growth hormone and normalized IGF-1 in 55–68% after 6 months. In PROMID (midgut neuroendocrine tumors) the long-acting form slowed tumor growth (14.3 vs 6 months to progression). Oral capsules kept acromegaly controlled in 58% vs 19% on placebo. Biggest risks: gallstones and sludge (biliary abnormalities in 63% in trials), slow heart rate (25% of acromegaly patients), high or low blood sugar, and underactive thyroid. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumor control ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Not reviewed for this page Regulatory FDA-approved: Sandostatin NDA 019667 (1988), Sandostatin LAR NDA 021008, Mycapssa NDA 208232, Bynfezia NDA 213224, generics · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled uses: on the FDA labels . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors (labeled): Strong · Gray-market use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors) · Gray-market: No human data Card note: Gallstone and heart-rate warnings, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:1416572, PMID:19704057, PMID:32882036

### Orforglipron
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/orforglipron/
- **Verdict Summary:** Orforglipron: What the evidence says: Strong (weight; FDA-approved as Foundayo) · Type 2 diabetes: Moderate (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an FDA-approved daily pill ( Foundayo , Eli Lilly, approved April 1, 2026 for chronic weight management; not FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes) that acts like GLP-1, the gut hormone targeted by semaglutide and tirzepatide. Unlike those drugs, it is not a peptide : it is a small, lab-made chemical (non-peptide small molecule) that can be swallowed without the food and water rules of oral semaglutide (Rybelsus). What the evidence says: large phase 3 trials, all funded by Eli Lilly, found clearly more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment), and better blood-sugar control than placebo, dapagliflozin (Farxiga) and oral semaglutide. Average weight loss was smaller than in the large trials of injectable semaglutide or tirzepatide, though no head-to-head trial against those injections was found. Biggest risks: stomach side effects, which made more people stop than on placebo or comparison drugs. The label carries the GLP-1 class warnings, including a boxed warning about thyroid tumors and warnings for pancreatitis, gallbladder disease and low blood sugar with insulin. It can also make birth-control pills work less well. Human Human evidence (weight) Strong: several large phase 3 RCTs (randomized controlled trials), e.g., 3,127 people in ATTAIN-1 and 1,613 in ATTAIN-2, plus a weight-maintenance trial; FDA-approved for this use; all funded by Eli Lilly Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Moderate: five phase 3 RCTs, including head-to-head trials against oral semaglutide and dapagliflozin, plus a phase 2 RCT against dulaglutide, all funded by Eli Lilly; kept at Moderate until FDA-approved for diabetes Human Heart safety in type 2 diabetes Moderate: one phase 3 trial of 2,749 people found it was not worse than insulin glargine for major heart events; it was not designed to show a benefit Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory FDA-approved (Foundayo, NDA 220934, April 1, 2026) for chronic weight management only · Not FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes · EU, Japan, Canada: submitted per a review article [UNVERIFIED: not checked against EMA, PMDA or Health Canada] · China: UNVERIFIED not checked against NMPA · WADA: not named Established human dose FDA label exists for weight management. See the FDA label ; we do not reproduce it here. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Strong · Human (type 2 diabetes): Moderate · Heart safety: Moderate · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Strong (weight; FDA-approved as Foundayo) · Type 2 diabetes: Moderate Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:37351564, PMID:37369232, PMID:40544435, PMID:40960239, PMID:41275875, PMID:41765029, PMID:42120723, PMID:42251769, PMID:42259339, PMID:42338042, PMID:42479349, PMID:42815506

### Ovagen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ovagen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Ovagen: What the evidence says: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (liver) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Leu, "EDL") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program, sold for liver and digestive health. Unknown The name "Ovagen" in PubMed refers to an unrelated veterinary hormone product for superovulation in goats. No published study tests EDL on the liver. Unknown What the evidence says: no published study, in people or animals, tests the liver or digestive use it is sold for. The only EDL studies found used other models (rat kidney, computer docking), listed in Study details. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market products add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence None for the marketed use. Other models (rat kidney, computer docking) in Study details only Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA entry found) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List ; S0 status UNVERIFIED Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (liver) Card verdict: No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (liver) Card note: No published study tests the liver or digestive use it is sold for. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:26515176, PMID:27909961, PMID:28744634

### Oxytocin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/oxytocin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Oxytocin: What the evidence says: Strong (labor induction & postpartum bleeding, FDA-approved IV/IM) · Weight loss & autism: Tested, not shown · Trust & mood: Very limited (mixed results) · Anti-aging: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 9-amino-acid hormone made in the brain and released from the pituitary gland. It makes the womb contract during labor and lets milk flow during breastfeeding. A lab-made copy is a standard hospital drug ( Pitocin and generic oxytocin injection in the US). Gray-market "oxytocin" nasal sprays and vials are sold online for bonding, trust, social confidence, mood and weight loss. What the evidence says: for preventing heavy bleeding after birth and for inducing labor, evidence from dozens of trials is strong. For the gray-market uses, the largest trials were negative: an 8-week trial in adults with obesity found no weight loss, and a 290-child autism trial found no social benefit. Effects on trust in healthy people are mixed. Biggest risks: in hospital use, the label lists uterine rupture, water intoxication (dangerously low blood sodium) with seizures and coma, irregular heartbeat and harms to the baby. In nasal-spray trials, side effects were similar to placebo. The bigger risk for gray-market users is not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Preventing heavy bleeding after birth (approved use, injection) Strong : Cochrane network meta-analysis, 122 trials, 121,931 women; oxytocin works vs placebo or no treatment Human Inducing labor (approved use, IV, medical reasons only) Strong : Cochrane review, 61 trials, 12,819 women; fewer women undelivered at 24 h vs waiting Human Weight loss (gray-market use, nasal) Tested, not shown : 8-week placebo-controlled trial, 61 adults with obesity, no difference in weight. Funded by the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Mental Health Human Autism social symptoms (nasal) Tested, not shown : 24-week phase 2 trial, 290 children; no difference vs placebo. Funded by the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ; a 106-adult trial in Japan also missed its main goal Human Trust, bonding, social confidence in healthy people (gray-market use, nasal) Very limited (mixed results) : lab trust games only; two large replications found no effect, one large 2026 study found a ~15% rise only in men low in trust, run partly by authors of the original 2005 study Unknown Anti-aging, long-term mood boosting in healthy people (gray-market use) No human data : we found no trial Human Symptoms of mental disorders (nasal) Very limited (mixed results) : 2026 meta-analysis of 42 trials, small non-significant overall effect Regulatory FDA-approved as an injection only (Pitocin and generics) · nasal spray discontinued · 503A: no bulks-list nomination found; compounding may rely on a USP monograph UNVERIFIED · 503B: Category 1 (under evaluation) · WADA 2026: not named Established human dose Only for approved hospital uses, by IV or injection under medical supervision. Unknown No established dose for nasal or other uses Evidence verdict: Bleeding after birth: Strong · Labor induction: Strong · Weight loss: Tested, not shown · Autism social symptoms: Tested, not shown · Trust and social confidence in healthy people: Very limited (mixed results) · Mental disorder symptoms: Very limited (mixed results) · Anti-aging and long-term mood boosting: No human data Card verdict: Strong (labor induction & postpartum bleeding, FDA-approved IV/IM) · Weight loss & autism: Tested, not shown · Trust & mood: Very limited (mixed results) · Anti-aging: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies and approved labels used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:15931222, PMID:19821304, PMID:25865294, PMID:29955161, PMID:32514040, PMID:34644471, PMID:38815173, PMID:40237648, PMID:41880977, PMID:42134427, PMID:42561025

### P21 (P021)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/p21/
- **Verdict Summary:** P21 (P021): What the evidence says: No human data (cognitive claims rest on Alzheimer's-model mouse studies from the developing lab) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance P21 (research code P021) has never been tested in people in any published trial. Unknown What it is: a small peptide-like molecule (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2) built from part of CNTF, a nerve growth factor, made by a New York research group. What the evidence says: only studies in Alzheimer's-model mice, nearly all from the developing lab. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal evidence Transgenic mouse studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: S0 (unapproved substances) applies Established human dose None. Never studied in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal: mouse studies Card verdict: No human data (cognitive claims rest on Alzheimer's-model mouse studies from the developing lab) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:25046994, PMID:34057082

### Pancragen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pancragen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Pancragen: What the evidence says: Very limited (type 2 diabetes, one small Russian study) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, "KEDW") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for pancreas and blood-sugar health. (Some gray-market vendor catalogs misprint the sequence as Lys-Glu-Trp-Asp, whereas published PubMed studies test Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp / KEDW.) What the evidence says: one small developer-led study in 33 older people with type 2 diabetes reported lower fasting glucose and insulin resistance. Design and controls are poorly described. Monkey and cell studies report similar effects. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence Very limited: one small developer-led study in type 2 diabetes Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): monkey and cell studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: Very limited Card verdict: Very limited (type 2 diabetes, one small Russian study) Card note: Developer-led Russian study only, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22448364, PMID:23486591, PMID:25946840, PMID:28509500

### Pemvidutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pemvidutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Pemvidutide: What the evidence says: Limited (MASH) · Weight: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made peptide, injected under the skin, that acts on two hormone receptors: GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and glucagon, a hormone that may raise energy use and lower liver fat. It is developed by Altimmune. What the evidence says: one phase 2b biopsy trial, funded by Altimmune, found MASH (inflamed fatty liver) cleared up more often than on placebo (a dummy treatment), but liver scarring did not improve significantly at the main time point. Smaller trials showed large drops in liver fat. For weight loss, the biggest trial has only been reported by the company and at a conference. Biggest risks: nausea and vomiting, which led some people to stop in the obesity trial. Long-term safety, heart outcomes and the effects of the glucagon part over many years are unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (fatty liver disease, MASH) Limited: one phase 2b biopsy RCT (randomized controlled trial; 212 people) that met one of its two main goals, plus a smaller liver-fat RCT and its extension; all funded by Altimmune; no liver-outcome results Human Human evidence (weight) Very limited: the main obesity trial (MOMENTUM, 391 people) has been reported only in a company release and conference abstract, not a peer-reviewed journal paper ; peer-reviewed trials measured weight only as a secondary outcome in fatty-liver patients Human Alcohol use disorder, alcohol-related liver disease Not rated: trials have no published results we found Human Heart outcomes Not rated: no heart-outcome trial found Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · FDA Breakthrough Therapy (MASH) and Fast Track (MASH, alcohol use disorder) per the company [UNVERIFIED: not confirmed on an FDA page] · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (liver): Limited · Human (weight): Very limited · Alcohol-related uses: not rated · Heart outcomes: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (MASH) · Weight: Very limited Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:39002641, PMID:41113119, PMID:41237796, PMID:41352959, PMID:41879841

### Pinealon
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pinealon/
- **Verdict Summary:** Pinealon: What the evidence says: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian cognitive/occupational cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, stroke, TBI: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Very limited for age-related cognitive complaints, organic brain syndrome, and occupational stress (oral capsules in Russian studies) (small open-label or non-standard Russian cohorts—32 polymorbid older adults (people with multiple chronic illnesses) with organic brain syndrome, 110 aging military veterans where Pinealon was co-administered with Vesugen, and occupational cohorts of truck drivers and locomotive crews—plus developer-network reviews reporting memory gains in 72 older patients; zero modern randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and single-network authorship centered on V. Kh. Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute) - No human data (animal/lab only) for subcutaneous or intramuscular Pinealon injections (the main gray-market product), Alzheimer's disease , stroke , or traumatic brain injury Evidence verdict: Oral capsules in Russian cognitive/occupational cohorts (single-network authorship, often combined with Vesugen): Very limited · Subcutaneous/intramuscular injections, Alzheimer's, stroke, or TBI: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian cognitive/occupational cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, stroke, TBI: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A synthetic 3-amino-acid peptide ( Glu-Asp-Arg , or EDR ) designed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology from the amino-acid composition of animal brain-cortex extracts ( Cortexin ). Who takes it Buyers in Russia and Eastern Europe taking over-the-counter oral Pinealon capsules as a "brain bioregulator"; Western biohackers and gray-market peptide buyers injecting reconstituted Pinealon vials subcutaneously or using nasal sprays for memory, focus, sleep, or neuroprotection. Does it work? No modern randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trial has ever been published. Small Russian studies of oral capsules (often combined with a second tripeptide, Vesugen , or compared against spa/physiotherapy routines) report changes in blood lipids, oxidative-stress markers, composite "biological age" scores, and subjective fatigue or memory ratings. Injectable Pinealon has zero human clinical trials —its Alzheimer's and stroke data come entirely from cell dishes and rodents. Is it safe? Russian oral-capsule papers report no side effects or allergic reactions in short courses, but they lack systematic adverse-event tables and independent monitoring. Subcutaneous or intranasal Pinealon has no human safety data at all. Is it legal? US / EU / UK: Not an approved drug; not on the US FDA 503A or 503B compounding lists (cannot be legally compounded for human prescriptions in the US). Russia / EAEU: Sold over the counter as an oral dietary supplement ( biologically active food additive , BAD), not as an approved prescription medicine [UNVERIFIED: Russian GRLS drug registry blocks automated queries from this environment] . WADA: Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List, though Section S0 (Non-Approved Substances) applies to unapproved injectable use.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:21978084, PMID:22567179, PMID:22708445, PMID:23734521, PMID:24738258, PMID:26390612, PMID:28539017, PMID:28853087, PMID:33396470, PMID:39518916

### Pramlintide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pramlintide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Pramlintide: What the evidence says: Strong (add-on to mealtime insulin) · Gray-market vials: No human data · Boxed warning: severe low blood sugar (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 37-amino-acid synthetic analog of amylin, a hormone released with insulin, sold as Symlin for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime insulin. It is the only amylin-type drug FDA has approved; newer amylin analogs (cagrilintide, amycretin) are still experimental. What the evidence says: two 1-year trials of about 650 people each found small extra drops in HbA1c (about 0.3 points in type 1, 0.6–0.7 in type 2) and slight weight loss compared with weight gain on placebo. Biggest risks: boxed warning for severe low blood sugar when used with insulin, especially in type 1 diabetes, usually within 3 hours of an injection. Nausea was the most common side effect. Rating Human Human evidence Strong as an add-on to mealtime insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Not reviewed for this page Regulatory FDA-approved: Symlin NDA 021332 (Mar 16, 2005); Drugs@FDA lists Symlin products as Discontinued · boxed warning · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Diabetes with mealtime insulin (labeled): Strong · Gray-market use: No human data Card verdict: Strong (add-on to mealtime insulin) · Gray-market vials: No human data · Boxed warning: severe low blood sugar Card note: Severe hypoglycemia risk with insulin, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12610038, PMID:15498087

### Prostamax
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/prostamax/
- **Verdict Summary:** Prostamax: What the evidence says: No human data (prostate claims rest on rat tissue and white-blood-cell dish studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, "KEDP") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for prostate health. What the evidence says: no human trials found, including for chronic prostatitis. Lab studies report chromatin (DNA-packaging) changes in white blood cells from old people and growth effects in rat prostate tissue. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): lab-dish and rat-tissue studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (prostate claims rest on rat tissue and white-blood-cell dish studies only) Card note: Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:15085253, PMID:17152728, PMID:23221144

### PT-141 (bremelanotide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/pt-141/
- **Verdict Summary:** PT-141 (bremelanotide): What the evidence says: Moderate (HSDD in premenopausal women, FDA-approved as Vyleesi) · Men: Very limited · Postmenopausal women, performance, tanning: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made 7-amino-acid ring-shaped peptide that switches on melanocortin receptors (molecular "locks" involved in skin color, appetite and sexual function) in the brain. "PT-141" was its development code. Under the name bremelanotide , it is the active ingredient of Vyleesi , an FDA-approved prescription autoinjector. Gray-market "PT-141" vials and nasal sprays are sold online for libido and sexual performance in men and women. What the evidence says: in two large trials in premenopausal women with HSDD, desire scores rose and distress fell slightly more than on placebo (a dummy treatment), while nausea and other side effects were common (see below). The number of satisfying sexual events did not improve. For men, the only placebo-controlled trial we found is under an editorial "expression of concern." Biggest risks: nausea (40% in the trials), flushing, headache, a short rise in blood pressure after every dose, and dark skin patches that may not fade, especially with frequent use. A gray-market vial is not Vyleesi. Claim Rating Human Low sexual desire (HSDD) in premenopausal women: the approved use Moderate : two phase 3 RCTs (1,247 women in the safety population); benefits statistically significant but small, and a secondary outcome (satisfying sexual events) showed no difference Human Erectile dysfunction / sexual function in men Very limited : one placebo-controlled trial, now under an editorial expression of concern; a related trial by the same author was retracted Unknown Postmenopausal women, "performance," tanning, other uses No human data that we could find for these gray-market uses (nothing at all in published trials we reviewed). The only nasal-spray trial we found is the men's trial under an expression of concern. Caution [UNVERIFIED: not an exhaustive search for older phase 2 nasal studies] Animal Animal evidence Unknown Not reviewed for this page (human trial data take precedence) Regulatory FDA-approved (Vyleesi, premenopausal HSDD only) · not in any FDA 503A nomination category · WADA 2026: not named Established human dose Only for the approved use, under prescription: see the FDA label in R2. Unknown No established dose for any other use Evidence verdict: HSDD in premenopausal women (approved use): Moderate · Men: Very limited · Postmenopausal women, performance, tanning and other uses: No human data Card verdict: Moderate (HSDD in premenopausal women, FDA-approved as Vyleesi) · Men: Very limited · Postmenopausal women, performance, tanning: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies and the approved label used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18179455, PMID:18206919, PMID:31599840, PMID:31599847, PMID:35147466, PMID:36626345, PMID:36809187

### Retatrutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/retatrutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Retatrutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis & liver fat in phase 2/3 trials; not FDA-approved) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made peptide from Eli Lilly that acts on three hormone receptors (GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon). It is being tested as a once-weekly injection for obesity and type 2 diabetes. What the evidence says: large weight loss and blood-sugar lowering in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials (TRIUMPH and TRANSCEND programs) versus placebo, along with the side effects listed below. All trials were funded and run by Eli Lilly, which says it plans to apply to the FDA in Q1 2027. Biggest risks: stomach side effects, higher heart rate, and skin-sensation changes (dysesthesia); at higher trial arms, more people stopped because of side effects than on placebo. Anything bought outside a clinical trial is an unapproved product of unknown identity, strength, and purity. Rating Human Human evidence (weight, type 2 diabetes) Moderate: large phase 3 RCTs (e.g., 2,339 people in TRIUMPH-1), all funded by the manufacturer; no long-term safety data beyond ~80 weeks Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (Lilly plans Q1 2027 FDA filing) · cannot be used in compounding · FDA has warned sellers of "research purposes" retatrutide · WADA 2026: S0 non-approved substances class, prohibited at all times Established human dose None. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight, type 2 diabetes): Moderate · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Moderate (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis & liver fat in phase 2/3 trials; not FDA-approved) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:37366315, PMID:37385280, PMID:39509151, PMID:42250575, PMID:42810372, PMID:42814954, PMID:42843917, PMID:42853576

### Selank
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/selank/
- **Verdict Summary:** Selank: What the evidence says: Limited (generalized anxiety, small Russian trials) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Selank is reported to be a registered medicine in Russia: UNVERIFIED , not checked against the Russian register. What it is: a 7-amino-acid lab-made peptide based on tuftsin, a fragment of an immune protein, developed in Russia as an anti-anxiety drug and given as a nasal spray. What the evidence says: small Russian trials in anxiety disorders found effects similar to benzodiazepine comparators. No studies of gray-market wellness or "nootropic" use by healthy people. Biggest risks: side effects were not well reported in the trials we read. Unknown Rating Human Human (generalized anxiety disorder, intranasal) Limited: small Russian comparative trials vs medazepam and phenazepam, developer-linked authors Human Human (brain connectivity in healthy volunteers, single intranasal dose) Very limited: one resting-state fMRI study (54 healthy volunteers); surrogate imaging endpoint only Human Human (gray-market wellness / nootropic, subcutaneous or nasal) No human data Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not on 503A Bulks List; FDA flagged immunogenicity/impurity risks ( FDA-2023-N-3392-0011 ) · Registered in Russia as 0.15% nasal drops ( ЛСР-003338/09 , Vidal.ru mirror; direct GRLS <span class="tag unverified">UNVERIFIED</span> ) · WADA 2026: not named; S0 status of Russian-only drugs unruled Established human dose None outside Russia. Trial arms are in Study details where reported Evidence verdict: Human (GAD): Limited · Human (gray-market wellness/nootropic): No human data Card verdict: Limited (generalized anxiety, small Russian trials) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18454096, PMID:25176261, PMID:31667971, PMID:32342318

### Semaglutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/semaglutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Semaglutide: What the evidence says: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, MASH, heart & kidney protection; FDA-approved as Ozempic, Wegovy & Rybelsus) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made copy of GLP-1, a gut hormone that lowers blood sugar and appetite. It is an FDA-approved prescription drug sold as Ozempic (weekly injection and tablets, type 2 diabetes), Rybelsus (daily tablet, type 2 diabetes) and Wegovy (weekly injection and daily tablet, weight management and heart-risk reduction). It is also sold as compounded vials (prepared by pharmacies as custom medicines for individual patients, with a prescription). It is sold on the gray market (outside regulated channels) too, as vials you mix and draw up yourself. What the evidence says: strong for its approved uses, from large randomized trials. Biggest risks: dosing mistakes with vials and insulin syringes, which have sent people to the hospital. Also stomach side effects, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), gallbladder disease, and a boxed warning (the FDA's strongest label warning) about thyroid C-cell tumors seen in rodents. Rating Human Human evidence (diabetes, weight, heart risk) Strong : multiple large RCTs, including 17,604 people in SELECT Animal Animal evidence Not rated here; key finding is rodent thyroid C-cell tumors (basis of the boxed warning) Regulatory FDA-approved (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy) · not named on WADA's 2026 list · FDA shortage over; copies of approved products generally can no longer be compounded Established human dose Only for approved uses, under prescription: see the FDA labels in R7. Gray-market and compounded vials have no standard concentration Evidence verdict: Human (diabetes, weight, heart risk): Strong · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, MASH, heart & kidney protection; FDA-approved as Ozempic, Wegovy & Rybelsus) This page reports what studies and the approved labels used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:27633186, PMID:31185157, PMID:33567185, PMID:37952131, PMID:39509151

### Semax
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/semax/
- **Verdict Summary:** Semax: What the evidence says: Limited (acute ischemic stroke, small Russian studies) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Semax is reported to be a registered medicine in Russia: UNVERIFIED . FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee reviewed Semax bulk substances in July 2026; outcome not summarized here. What it is: a lab-made peptide based on a fragment of ACTH (a pituitary hormone), developed in Russia and given as nasal drops. What the evidence says: Russian studies in ischemic stroke report faster recovery when added to standard care, but they were small and not clearly randomized. No studies of gray-market "nootropic" use by healthy people. Biggest risks: side effects were not well reported in the studies we read. Unknown Rating Human Human (acute ischemic stroke & post-stroke rehab, Russian trials) Limited: small, mostly nonrandomized Russian studies (30-vs-80 acute stroke cohort and 110-patient rehab study) Human Human (brain connectivity in healthy volunteers, single intranasal dose) Very limited: two resting-state fMRI studies (24 and 54 healthy volunteers); surrogate imaging endpoint only Human Human (gray-market wellness / nootropic, subcutaneous or nasal) No human data Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not on 503A Bulks List; reviewed at FDA's July 23–24, 2026 PCAC meeting ( FDA media 193348 ) · Registered in Russia as 0.1% ( Р N000812/01 ) and 1% ( ЛСР-000167/08 ) nasal drops (Vidal.ru mirror; direct GRLS <span class="tag unverified">UNVERIFIED</span> ) · WADA 2026: not named; S0 status of Russian-only drugs unruled Established human dose None outside Russia. Trial arms are in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (stroke): Limited · Human (gray-market wellness/nootropic): No human data Card verdict: Limited (acute ischemic stroke, small Russian studies) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11517472, PMID:29798983, PMID:30225715, PMID:31667971, PMID:32342318

### Sermorelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/sermorelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Sermorelin: What the evidence says: Moderate (pituitary diagnostic test, former FDA approval) · Childhood GH deficiency: Limited · Adult anti-aging, body composition, energy: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made copy of the first 29 building blocks of GHRH, the brain's growth-hormone "on" signal. It makes the pituitary (a gland at the base of the brain) release more of the body's own growth hormone. It was once an FDA-approved drug, Geref , for children with growth hormone deficiency and for a pituitary test. Today it is sold online and by "anti-aging" clinics for energy, body composition, sleep and aging. What the evidence says: it helped growth hormone–deficient children grow faster in an open-label trial (no placebo group). For healthy adults and aging, we found no placebo-controlled trial of sermorelin itself. The closest study used a slightly different molecule, raised growth-factor blood levels, and gave mixed results. Biggest risks: flushing and injection-site pain were the most common problems in children. Long-term effects of raising growth hormone in healthy adults are unknown. Gray-market vials have no quality guarantees. Claim Rating Human Growth hormone deficiency in children (former approved use) Limited : one multicenter open-label trial (110 children, 86 analyzed) with no placebo group; growth sped up, but final adult height wasn't reported Human Testing pituitary function (former approved use) Moderate : supported by FDA's former approval of Geref as a diagnostic test (1990); Caution [UNVERIFIED: diagnostic accuracy studies not individually reviewed] Human Anti-aging, body composition, energy in healthy adults Very limited : no placebo-controlled trial of sermorelin itself; one small 19-person study of a close analog, and one 14-man chart review of a sermorelin combination; both report blood-test changes, not health benefits Animal Animal evidence Unknown Not reviewed for this page (human data take precedence) Regulatory No current FDA approval (Geref discontinued 2008; approvals withdrawn 2009; not for safety or effectiveness reasons) · not on the 503A bulks list or in any 503A nomination category; under evaluation (Category 1) on FDA's 503B list · WADA 2026: banned at all times (S2.2.4, named) Established human dose Unknown None current. Geref's old label applied to children with GH deficiency only; no dose has been reviewed for adults or aging Evidence verdict: Childhood GH deficiency (former approved use): Limited · Pituitary testing (former approved use): Moderate · Anti-aging, body composition and energy in adults: Very limited Why these ratings: Childhood GH deficiency is Limited because it rests on one open-label trial with no placebo group. Pituitary testing stays Moderate because FDA approved Geref for that use in 1990, and that approval was never withdrawn for safety or effectiveness reasons. Card verdict: Moderate (pituitary diagnostic test, former FDA approval) · Childhood GH deficiency: Limited · Adult anti-aging, body composition, energy: Very limited Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies and the former approved label used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18031173, PMID:19509104, PMID:28830317, PMID:8772599, PMID:9141536

### Setmelanotide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/setmelanotide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Setmelanotide: What the evidence says: Moderate (approved use: rare genetic obesity) · General or gray-market weight loss: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an injectable peptide that activates the brain's MC4 receptor, sold as Imcivree. It is FDA-labeled for obesity caused by certain rare conditions: Bardet-Biedl syndrome, POMC, PCSK1 or LEPR deficiency, and acquired hypothalamic obesity. Gray-market sellers market it for general weight loss. What the evidence says: in small phase 3 trials, 80% of people with POMC deficiency and 45% with LEPR deficiency lost at least 10% of body weight at about 1 year ; in a placebo-controlled trial, 32% of people 12 and older with Bardet-Biedl syndrome did. We found no evidence reviewed here for common obesity. Biggest risks: skin darkening, spontaneous erections and sexual side effects, depression and suicidal thoughts, and serious allergic reactions are label warnings. Injection-site reactions and nausea were common. Rating Human Human evidence Moderate for labeled rare genetic obesity ; No human data reviewed for common obesity or gray-market use [UNVERIFIED: early general-obesity trials not reviewed] Animal Animal / lab evidence Not reviewed for this page Regulatory FDA-approved (Imcivree, NDA 213793; label on DailyMed) · other regulators UNVERIFIED · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled uses: on the FDA label ; for other uses: none. Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Rare genetic obesity (labeled): Moderate · General or gray-market weight loss: No human data Card verdict: Moderate (approved use: rare genetic obesity) · General or gray-market weight loss: No human data Card note: Gray-market vials are not the approved product, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:33137293, PMID:36356613

### SNAP-8
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/snap-8/
- **Verdict Summary:** SNAP-8: What the evidence says: Very limited (topical multi-ingredient wrinkle creams) · Subcutaneous injection of gray-market vials: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Very limited for topical cosmetic wrinkle creams, serums, and dissolving microneedle patches (tested only inside multi-ingredient cosmetic blends alongside hyaluronic acid, vitamin C derivatives, or other peptides in small 24- to 50-person studies; no peer-reviewed human trial has isolated single-ingredient SNAP-8 against a plain base cream) - No human data (nothing at all) for subcutaneous injection of reconstituted gray-market vials ("injectable Botox-like peptide") Evidence verdict: Topical multi-ingredient wrinkle creams, serums, and microneedle patches: Very limited · Subcutaneous injection of gray-market vials: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Very limited (topical multi-ingredient wrinkle creams) · Subcutaneous injection of gray-market vials: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page What it is A synthetic 8-amino-acid cosmetic peptide ( Ac-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg-Ala-Asp-NH2 ) created by Lipotec S.A. (now part of Lubrizol, Barcelona, Spain) by adding two amino acids to Argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8) so it mimics a slightly longer piece of the synaptic protein SNAP-25 (a nerve-ending docking protein). Who takes it Over-the-counter skincare shoppers using topical anti-wrinkle serums or eye patches containing Acetyl Octapeptide-3 ; and gray-market peptide buyers who purchase freeze-dried vials to mix into homemade creams or, alarmingly, inject under facial skin as a DIY "Botox alternative." Does it work? As an injectable, it has never been tested in humans or animals. As a topical cosmetic ingredient, we cannot tell how much SNAP-8 itself contributes: small human studies show modest smoothing of crow's-feet and forehead lines, but every peer-reviewed study combined SNAP-8 with hydrating hyaluronic acid, microneedles, or other active ingredients rather than testing SNAP-8 alone against a plain vehicle (base) cream. Is it safe? Topical cosmetic use on intact skin is generally well tolerated (occasional mild redness or irritation). Injecting gray-market SNAP-8 vials under the skin is completely unstudied and carries unknown risks of local nerve/muscle dysfunction, foreign-body granulomas (inflammatory skin nodules), infection, and immune reactions. Is it legal? Sold legally worldwide as a topical cosmetic ingredient (INCI name Acetyl Octapeptide-3 ). Not an FDA-approved drug or injectable biologic , and not on FDA 503A or 503B compounding lists for injection. Not named on the WADA Prohibited List. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18498523, PMID:31134751, PMID:33195061, PMID:35426243, PMID:37861918, PMID:39082657, PMID:39858482, PMID:40292641, PMID:40673537

### SS-31 (elamipretide)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/ss-31/
- **Verdict Summary:** SS-31 (elamipretide): What the evidence says: Very limited (Barth syndrome, FDA accelerated approval; heart failure, myopathy, eye diseases: mixed results) · Energy, endurance, anti-aging in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made 4-amino-acid peptide that travels to mitochondria (the cell's energy-making parts) and binds cardiolipin, a fat in their inner membrane. Its official name is elamipretide . It was first described as "SS-31" (Szeto-Schiller peptide 31) and is developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics. Gray-market "SS-31" vials are sold for energy, endurance, anti-aging and "mitochondrial health." What the evidence says: in Barth syndrome, a 12-person placebo-controlled trial missed both of its main goals . Walking distance and symptoms improved later, when everyone took the drug openly with no placebo group. FDA's approval rests on muscle strength, an in-between measure. In other diseases, a 218-person phase 3 trial (large studies confirming benefit and safety before approval) in mitochondrial muscle disease found no benefit , and trials in heart failure, dry macular degeneration and an inherited eye disease missed their main goals. Nothing has been tested in healthy people. Biggest risks: injection-site reactions in nearly everyone, rises in a type of white blood cell (eosinophils), and serious allergic reactions listed as a warning on the label. Plus not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Barth syndrome (approved Forzinity) Very limited (mixed results) : one 12-person placebo-controlled crossover trial missed both main goals; improvements came in an open-label extension (8–10 people). Stealth-funded staff among the authors Human Primary mitochondrial myopathy (muscle disease) Very limited (mixed results) : one 218-person phase 3 placebo-controlled trial found no improvement in walking or fatigue; a planned subgroup and later unplanned analyses suggested possible benefit in some genetic groups; Stealth-sponsored Human Heart failure with reduced pumping Very limited (mixed results) : one short 71-person phase 2 trial (mid-size studies testing doses and early effects); no improvement in heart size or pumping; Stealth author Human Dry age-related macular degeneration Very limited (mixed results) : one 176-person phase 2 trial missed both main goals; some retina-imaging measures looked better; Stealth authors Human Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (eye drops) Very limited (mixed results) : one 12-person trial; vision did not improve vs placebo drops (main goal missed); some unplanned visual-field results looked better Animal Energy, endurance, anti-aging, "mitochondrial health" in healthy people (gray-market use) No human data (animal/lab only) Regulatory US: accelerated approval (Forzinity), Barth syndrome only, Sept 19, 2025 · not authorised in the EU (EU orphan designations only) · 503A: not in any category · 503B: not nominated · WADA 2026: not named; The Open Peptide Project's reading is that it is not prohibited, not a WADA ruling Established human dose Only the Forzinity label, for Barth syndrome. Unknown None for any other use Evidence verdict: Barth syndrome: Very limited (mixed results) · Mitochondrial myopathy: Very limited (mixed results) · Heart failure: Very limited (mixed results) · Dry macular degeneration: Very limited (mixed results) · Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Very limited (mixed results) · Energy, endurance and anti-aging in healthy people: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Very limited (Barth syndrome, FDA accelerated approval; heart failure, myopathy, eye diseases: mixed results) · Energy, endurance, anti-aging in healthy people: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:32068002, PMID:33077895, PMID:37268435, PMID:37923251, PMID:38602181, PMID:39574155, PMID:39605874, PMID:39940712, PMID:41335372, PMID:42290373

### Survodutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/survodutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Survodutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (weight) · MASH and type 2 diabetes: Limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made peptide, injected under the skin, that acts on two hormone receptors: GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and glucagon, a hormone that may raise energy use and lower liver fat. It is developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. What the evidence says: two large phase 3 trials, both funded by Boehringer Ingelheim, found clearly more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment) in adults with obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes. For fatty liver disease, one phase 2 trial with liver biopsies and one phase 3 trial measuring liver fat look promising, but the large liver-outcome trials are still running. Biggest risks: stomach side effects, which affected most people and caused many to stop. Long-term safety, heart outcomes and the effects of the glucagon part over many years are unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight, with or without type 2 diabetes) Moderate: two phase 3 RCTs (randomized controlled trials), 725 and 752 people, plus a phase 3 liver-fat trial and a phase 2 trial; all funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; not approved; long-term safety unknown Human Human evidence (fatty liver disease, MASH) Limited: one phase 2 biopsy RCT (293 people) and one phase 3 RCT using liver-fat scans (216 people); no liver-outcome results yet Human Human evidence (type 2 diabetes, blood sugar) Limited: blood sugar fell in a short phase 2 trial and as a secondary result in SYNCHRONIZE-2; no trial with blood sugar as the main goal has reported Human Heart outcomes Not rated: the heart-safety trial (SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT) has no published results we found Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · FDA Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy designations for MASH per the company [UNVERIFIED: not confirmed on an FDA page] · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Moderate · Human (liver): Limited · Human (type 2 diabetes): Limited · Heart outcomes: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Moderate (weight) · MASH and type 2 diabetes: Limited Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:36356832, PMID:38095657, PMID:38330987, PMID:38847460, PMID:38857788, PMID:42252333, PMID:42253238, PMID:42820639

### TB-500 and thymosin beta-4
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tb-500/
- **Verdict Summary:** TB-500 and thymosin beta-4: What the evidence says: Limited (full Thymosin beta-4 protein, topical/eye drops) · TB-500 fragment or injected healing/recovery: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Caution Two different molecules are sold as "TB-500." Check which one a label describes. The real TB-500 is a 7-amino-acid fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ). Some sellers list a formula and weight (about 4,963 g/mol) under "TB-500" that belong to the full 43-amino-acid Tβ4 protein , and some contradict themselves on the same page. Human trials used the full protein, never the fragment. What it is: two different things that get sold under one name. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a natural 43-amino-acid protein found in the body. TB-500 is a lab-made 7-amino-acid fragment of it (Ac-LKKTETQ). Online "TB-500" is sold as a "research chemical" for healing. What the evidence says: the full Tβ4 protein has small human trials with mixed results. The TB-500 fragment itself is essentially untested in people, and almost untested in animals. Biggest risks: not knowing what's in the vial (or which of the two molecules it is). There is also a theoretical cancer concern. Tβ4 helps cells move and new blood vessels grow, which helps healing but could in theory also help a tumor grow and spread. This hasn't been studied in people. Rating Human Human evidence (full Tβ4 protein) Limited : a few small randomized trials (eye drops, IV safety), mixed results Human Human evidence (TB-500 fragment) No human data (animal and lab studies only) Animal Animal evidence (full Tβ4) Moderate ; a large share from a small network of linked researchers Animal Animal evidence (TB-500 fragment) Very limited : one rat metabolism study Regulatory Not FDA-approved · WADA-banned (Tβ4 and derivatives, e.g. TB-500) Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Full Tβ4 protein in people: Limited · TB-500 fragment in people: No human data (animal and lab studies only: one rat metabolism study) · Full Tβ4 in animals: Moderate · TB-500 fragment in animals: Very limited Card verdict: Limited (full Thymosin beta-4 protein, topical/eye drops) · TB-500 fragment or injected healing/recovery: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page Related molecule: Very limited (mixed results) for dry eye (full Tβ4, not TB-500). Full Tβ4 eye drops for dry eye were tested in a 72-person randomized trial (human, eye drops). Neither main goal showed a significant difference; one secondary measure, discomfort, was lower. The trial was run by the drug's developer. This does not change TB-500's own ratings: TB-500 has never been tested in people. (Sosne & Ousler 2015, PMID 26056426 ) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:10469335, PMID:15565145, PMID:17495250, PMID:20536472, PMID:22856429, PMID:22962027, PMID:23050815, PMID:25826322, PMID:26056426, PMID:34346165, PMID:38382158

### Teduglutide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/teduglutide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Teduglutide: What the evidence says: Moderate (short bowel syndrome on IV nutrition) · "Gut repair" uses: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 33-amino-acid analog of GLP-2, a gut hormone that grows the intestinal lining, sold as Gattex for short bowel syndrome in people who depend on IV nutrition (parenteral support). Gray-market sellers market "GLP-2" for gut repair. What the evidence says: in the 86-person STEPS trial, 63% on teduglutide vs 30% on placebo cut their IV nutrition volume by more than 20% at 24 weeks. In an earlier 83-person trial, the lower of two amounts worked and the higher one did not reach significance. Biggest risks: it can speed the growth of existing tumors or polyps, so the label requires colonoscopy before starting and stopping if a GI cancer develops; gallbladder, bile duct and pancreas problems; bowel obstruction; and fluid overload. Rating Human Human evidence Moderate for short bowel syndrome with parenteral dependence (two RCTs, 83–86 people) ; No human data for "gut repair" or leaky-gut uses in people without short bowel syndrome Animal Animal / lab evidence Rat and mouse tumor findings drive the neoplastic-growth warning (label) Regulatory FDA-approved: Gattex NDA 203441 (Dec 21, 2012) · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label (weight-based) . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Short bowel syndrome on parenteral support (labeled): Moderate · "Gut repair" uses: No human data Card verdict: Moderate (short bowel syndrome on IV nutrition) · "Gut repair" uses: No human data Card note: Tumor-growth warning; never tested for general gut health, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:21317170, PMID:22982184

### Teriparatide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/teriparatide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Teriparatide: What the evidence says: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Fracture healing: mixed results · Gray-market: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34), a 34-amino-acid peptide that builds bone, sold as Forteo (also Bonsity and a generic) for osteoporosis at high fracture risk. Gray-market sellers market it for "bone healing" after fractures. What the evidence says: in the pivotal trial of 1,637 women with prior spine fractures, new spine fractures fell from 14% to 5% (RR 0.35) and other fragility fractures from 6% to 3%. For speeding fracture healing, a 102-woman wrist-fracture trial missed its main goal; a secondary comparison was positive but the authors urged caution. Biggest risks: hypercalcemia, kidney stones, dizziness on standing after early injections, and digoxin interaction. Osteosarcoma (bone cancer) was seen in rats; FDA removed the boxed warning in 2020 after US surveillance found no increase in humans, but the label still says to avoid use in people at higher baseline risk. Rating Human Human evidence Strong for postmenopausal osteoporosis fracture reduction ; Limited (mixed results) for speeding fracture healing ; No human data on gray-market products Animal Animal / lab evidence Rat osteosarcoma (label) ; rodent fracture-healing benefit (cited by trial authors) Regulatory FDA-approved: Forteo NDA 021318 (Nov 26, 2002); Bonsity NDA 211939; generic ANDA 213641 (Amphastar, Dec 12, 2025) · no boxed warning on current label · WADA: not named on the 2026 List Established human dose For labeled use: on the FDA label . Study details lists what trials used Evidence verdict: Osteoporosis (labeled): Strong · Fracture healing: Limited (mixed results) · Gray-market: No human data Card verdict: Strong (osteoporosis fractures) · Fracture healing: mixed results · Gray-market: No human data Card note: Not approved for fracture healing; osteosarcoma precautions remain, see page. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:11346808, PMID:19594305, PMID:32990990, PMID:36111201

### Tesamorelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tesamorelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Tesamorelin: What the evidence says: Strong (HIV belly fat, FDA-approved as Egrifta) · HIV fatty liver: Limited · General fat loss or anti-aging without HIV: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made copy of GHRH, the brain's growth-hormone "on" signal. It is an FDA-approved prescription drug (EGRIFTA SV and EGRIFTA WR) for reducing excess belly fat in adults with HIV and lipodystrophy (abnormal fat distribution). It is also sold on the gray market and used off-label for fat loss. Caution [UNVERIFIED: no cited source for extent of off-label use] What the evidence says: strong for its approved use; untested for general fat loss in people without HIV. Biggest risks: raised blood sugar, fluid retention, and possible growth of existing cancers, per the FDA label. Gray-market vials have none of the label's quality guarantees. Rating Human Human evidence (HIV belly fat) Strong : two phase 3 RCTs (806 people pooled) plus further RCTs Human Human evidence (other uses) Limited : one RCT in HIV-related fatty liver (61 people); Unknown no human data in people without HIV (nothing at all) Animal Animal evidence Unknown Not reviewed for this page (human RCT data take precedence) Regulatory FDA-approved (HIV lipodystrophy only) · WADA-banned Established human dose Only for the approved use, under prescription: see the FDA labels in R7. Unknown No established dose for any other use Evidence verdict: HIV belly fat: Strong · Other uses: Limited (HIV-related fatty liver); no human data in people without HIV · Animal: not reviewed Card verdict: Strong (HIV belly fat, FDA-approved as Egrifta) · HIV fatty liver: Limited · General fat loss or anti-aging without HIV: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies and the approved label used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:20101189, PMID:20554713, PMID:31611038

### Tesofensine
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tesofensine/
- **Verdict Summary:** Tesofensine: What the evidence says: Limited (weight loss, phase 2 trial under expression of concern) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Oral non-peptide small molecule: tesofensine is a pill, not a peptide, but research-peptide vendors sell it, so we include it alongside the peptides people compare it with. Reports of approval in Mexico: UNVERIFIED , not checked against COFEPRIS. A 2026 anti-doping paper describes it as "still under regulatory review" and sold online as a supplement. What it is: a "triple reuptake inhibitor" that raises brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, reducing appetite. What the evidence says: one phase 2 trial (203 people) found much more weight loss than placebo, but The Lancet later issued an expression of concern about that paper. One small trial in hypothalamic obesity (combined with metoprolol) also found weight loss. Phase 3 results: not found in PubMed. Biggest risks: raised heart rate, dry mouth, insomnia, and mood/anxiety effects. Rating Human Human (weight) Limited: one phase 2 RCT under a journal expression of concern, plus one 21-person RCT of a combination product Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Mexico: reported approved for obesity [UNVERIFIED: not confirmed on COFEPRIS primary registry] · WADA 2026: prohibited in-competition (S6.b specified stimulant, named) Established human dose None. No approved label. Trial arms are in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight): Limited Card verdict: Limited (weight loss, phase 2 trial under expression of concern) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:18950853, PMID:20520602, PMID:23561987, PMID:35294397, PMID:42320973

### Testagen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/testagen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Testagen: What the evidence says: No human data (testicular claims untested; only studied in pituitary-removed birds) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, "KEDG") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for testicular and hormonal health (vendor claim) Unknown . In PubMed the KEDG sequence appears as a peptide based on anterior pituitary extract, not under the name Testagen; the link between the name and testicular effects comes from sellers. Unknown What the evidence says: no human trials found. The only biological studies of this sequence are in hypophysectomized birds (birds with the pituitary gland surgically removed) (thyroid and thymus effects). None tested testicular function. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported: bird studies of thyroid and thymus only Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (testicular claims untested; only studied in pituitary-removed birds) Card note: No study found tests the testicular use the product is sold for. This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22268052, PMID:23658898

### Thymalin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymalin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Thymalin: What the evidence says: Very limited (Russian clinical cohorts, developer-led) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Thymalin is reported to be a registered medicine in Russia: UNVERIFIED , not checked against the Russian drug register. What it is: a mix of small peptides extracted from calf thymus (the immune gland in the chest), developed in the Soviet Union. What the evidence says: a handful of Russian studies, mostly by the developer's own institute, report fewer infections and lower death rates in elderly people, and faster recovery markers in COVID-19. Study designs are poorly described and not independently repeated. Biggest risks: not well reported. It is an animal-tissue extract. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence Very limited: small Russian studies with unclear controls, all led by the developer group (Khavinson, St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology) Animal Animal / lab evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registered bovine thymus extract [UNVERIFIED: not confirmed directly on Russian GRLS primary registry] · WADA 2026: not named; S0 depends on Russian registration Established human dose None recognized outside Russia. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: Very limited Card verdict: Very limited (Russian clinical cohorts, developer-led) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:14523363, PMID:33575961, PMID:37686182

### Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymosin-alpha-1/
- **Verdict Summary:** Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin): What the evidence says: Very limited (hepatitis B/C, COVID-19, vaccine response; mixed results) · Sepsis: Tested, not shown · Immune support, anti-aging, recovery in healthy people: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a 28-amino-acid peptide first found in the thymus, the gland where some immune cells mature. The lab-made version is called thymalfasin and is sold as the prescription drug Zadaxin in Italy and China (other countries per the company only). Gray-market "TA1" vials are sold online for "immune support," anti-aging and recovery. What the evidence says: for chronic hepatitis B, a 2026 Cochrane review found it may lower deaths, but the evidence is very low certainty. In the largest trial ever done, a placebo-controlled study of 1,106 adults with sepsis, it did not lower deaths. COVID-19 results come from conflicting hospital record reviews. There are no trials in healthy people. Biggest risks: in trials it was generally well tolerated, In one large sepsis trial, deaths overall did not differ. In a planned subgroup analysis, people under 60 had more deaths on it (hazard ratio 1.67; interaction p=0.01). This may be chance and wasn't the trial's main result. The bigger risk for gray-market users is not knowing what's in the vial. Claim Rating Human Chronic hepatitis B (approved use in China and elsewhere) Very limited (mixed results) : Cochrane 2026, very low certainty for most outcomes; trials inconsistent Human Chronic hepatitis C (with interferon) Very limited : one 109-person placebo-controlled trial; better response at the end of treatment, but lasting response was low in both groups; the interferon regimen is now obsolete Human Sepsis Tested, not shown : large phase 3 placebo-controlled trial (TESTS, 1,106 people) found no effect on 28-day deaths. Partly funded by SciClone, Zadaxin's maker Human COVID-19 Very limited (mixed results) : hospital record reviews only, conflicting; no completed randomized trial found Human Better vaccine response (elderly, dialysis) Very limited : small trials measuring antibody levels, not infections prevented Unknown "Immune support", anti-aging, recovery in healthy people (gray-market use) No human data (nothing at all in trials) Regulatory Approved in Italy and China (official records); not FDA-approved · FDA advisers voted 17–4 against adding it to the 503A compounding list (Dec 2024); no final FDA decision found · 503B: Category 3 · WADA 2026: not named Established human dose Only for approved uses, under prescription, in countries where approved. Unknown No established dose for other uses Evidence verdict: Hepatitis B: Very limited (mixed results) · Hepatitis C: Very limited · Sepsis: Tested, not shown · COVID-19: Very limited (mixed results) · Vaccine response: Very limited · Immune support, anti-aging and recovery in healthy people: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Very limited (hepatitis B/C, COVID-19, vaccine response; mixed results) · Sepsis: Tested, not shown · Immune support, anti-aging, recovery in healthy people: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies and approved labels used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22178096, PMID:23327199, PMID:2642497, PMID:32442287, PMID:33896653, PMID:34408744, PMID:36881981, PMID:38903817, PMID:39814420, PMID:42713852, PMID:9537454, PMID:9581695

### Thymulin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/thymulin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Thymulin: What the evidence says: No human data (immune claims rest on mouse injection studies and human endogenous blood-level studies) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Thymulin has no published treatment trials in people that we found. Unknown What it is: a 9-amino-acid hormone made by the thymus. It needs zinc to be active, and blood levels fall with age. What the evidence says: mouse studies only for giving thymulin. Human studies measure the body's own thymulin, for example rising with zinc-fortified milk in very old people. Biggest risks: unknown in humans. Unknown Rating Human Human evidence No human data: no study gave thymulin to people. The one human study we cite measured the body's own thymulin after zinc-fortified milk Animal Animal evidence Mouse studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Not approved as a medicine anywhere in the world · WADA 2026: S0 (unapproved substances) applies Established human dose None. Never tested in people Evidence verdict: Human: No human data · Animal: mouse studies Card verdict: No human data (immune claims rest on mouse injection studies and human endogenous blood-level studies) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:24771015, PMID:42481458

### Tirzepatide
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/tirzepatide/
- **Verdict Summary:** Tirzepatide: What the evidence says: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes & obstructive sleep apnea; FDA-approved as Mounjaro & Zepbound) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a lab-made peptide that acts on two gut-hormone receptors, GIP and GLP-1, lowering blood sugar and appetite. It is an FDA-approved prescription drug sold as Mounjaro (type 2 diabetes) and Zepbound (weight management and obstructive sleep apnea), both once-weekly injections. It is also sold as compounded vials (from pharmacies preparing custom medicines for individual patients, with a prescription) and on the gray market (outside regulated channels). What the evidence says: strong for its approved uses, from large randomized trials. Biggest risks: stomach side effects, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), gallbladder disease, and a boxed warning (the FDA's strongest label warning) about thyroid C-cell tumors seen in rats. With compounded or gray-market vials, add doses above the label and products of unknown quality. Rating Human Human evidence (diabetes, weight, sleep apnea) Strong : multiple large RCTs, including 2,539 people in SURMOUNT-1 Animal Animal evidence Not rated here; key finding is rat thyroid C-cell tumors (basis of the boxed warning) Regulatory FDA-approved (Mounjaro, Zepbound) · FDA shortage over; copies of approved products generally can no longer be compounded · not named on WADA's 2026 list Established human dose Only for approved uses, under prescription: see the FDA labels in R7. Gray-market and compounded vials have no standard concentration Evidence verdict: Human (diabetes, weight, sleep apnea): Strong · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes & obstructive sleep apnea; FDA-approved as Mounjaro & Zepbound) This page reports what studies and the approved labels used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:34170647, PMID:35658024, PMID:38912654, PMID:39509151, PMID:41406444, PMID:42875024

### Triptorelin
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/triptorelin/
- **Verdict Summary:** Triptorelin: What the evidence says: Moderate (prostate cancer testosterone suppression) · Early puberty: Limited · Post-cycle therapy: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Triptorelin is a prescription drug. US labels are on DailyMed for advanced prostate cancer (Trelstar) and central precocious puberty in children (Triptodur). Gray-market vials are sold for "post-cycle therapy", which has never been tested. What it is: a lab-made version of GnRH, the brain hormone that tells the pituitary to release LH and FSH. Long-acting forms first briefly raise and then shut down testosterone and estrogen production. What the evidence says: good trial evidence for shutting down testosterone in prostate cancer and for pausing early puberty. No trials found for the gray-market use as "PCT" (post-cycle therapy to restart a man's own testosterone after steroids). That use is anecdotal. Biggest risks: it is meant to lower sex hormones, so hot flashes, erectile problems and bone loss are expected. The US label also warns of an early testosterone surge ("flare"), allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, raised blood sugar and lipids, heart attack and stroke risk in men, seizures, severe skin reactions and QT prolongation. Rating Human Human (prostate cancer: testosterone suppression) Moderate: one active-comparator RCT cited on this page (284 men vs leuprolide) ; FDA-approved prescription drug (Trelstar, NDA 020715 / 021288 / 022437) Human Human (central precocious puberty) Limited: one open-label 6-month formulation study cited on this page (66 children) ; FDA-approved prescription drug (Triptodur, NDA 208956) Human Human (gray-market "PCT" / testosterone restart) No human data: no trials found Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory FDA-approved prescription drug: Trelstar (NDA 020715, 021288, 022437) and Triptodur (NDA 208956) · Not approved for PCT · WADA 2026: prohibited at all times in males (S2.2.1, named) Established human dose For labeled uses only, see the product label. Trial arms are in Study details. No studied amount exists for PCT use Evidence verdict: Human (prostate cancer): Moderate · Human (precocious puberty): Limited · Human (gray-market PCT): No human data Card verdict: Moderate (prostate cancer testosterone suppression) · Early puberty: Limited · Post-cycle therapy: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12887472, PMID:17971105, PMID:39412628

### Vesugen
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vesugen/
- **Verdict Summary:** Vesugen: What the evidence says: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian vascular/aging cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, longevity: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Very limited for oral capsules in peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis-related erectile dysfunction, oral mucosal healing, and age-related cognitive complaints (small Russian cohorts of 22 to 110 patients from the developer's network with no registered double-blind placebo-controlled trials and no independent replication outside Russia/Ukraine) - No human data (animal/lab only) for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections (gray-market vials), Alzheimer's disease, or systemic blood-vessel regeneration Evidence verdict: Oral vascular, mucosal, and aging cohorts in Russian clinics: Very limited · Subcutaneous/IM injections, Alzheimer's disease, or systemic vascular regeneration: No human data (animal/lab only) Card verdict: Very limited (oral capsules in Russian vascular/aging cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, longevity: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page What it is A synthetic 3-amino-acid peptide ( Lys-Glu-Asp , single-letter code KED , laboratory code T-38 ) created by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a synthetic mimic of an animal blood-vessel extract ( Ventfort / Slavinorm ). Who takes it Buyers of Russian oral "vascular peptide bioregulator" capsules marketed for circulation, blood pressure, and healthy aging; and Western biohackers injecting reconstituted gray-market Vesugen vials subcutaneously for endothelial (blood-vessel lining) repair, brain blood flow, or longevity. Does it work? No modern randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has ever proven Vesugen works in humans. A handful of small Russian clinic studies (22 to 110 patients) report improvements in penile or leg artery blood flow on ultrasound, oral sores after cancer therapy, or biological-age scores after oral capsules—often alongside standard vascular drugs or other peptides—with zero independent replication. Injected Vesugen has zero human clinical trial data. Is it safe? Russian oral cohorts generally report no major side effects, except one 2015 Russian hospital study in 32 patients that reported pro-oxidant blood activity and a statistically significant drop in circulating CD34+ bone-marrow stem cells ("significant inhibition of hemopoiesis") —a warning gray-market vendors never mention. Is it legal? Sold as an oral dietary supplement ( BAD ) in Russia and online; not an FDA-, EMA-, or MHRA-approved drug , and not on FDA 503A or 503B compounding lists . Not named on the WADA Prohibited List (though unapproved injectable vascular/neuroprotective use falls under WADA Section S0 ). This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22977872, PMID:25051766, PMID:25051774, PMID:25408528, PMID:26390612, PMID:28509489, PMID:28539017, PMID:28539025, PMID:28976153, PMID:28976154, PMID:34173097, PMID:39518916

### Vilon
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vilon/
- **Verdict Summary:** Vilon: What the evidence says: No human data (immune & aging claims rest on developer-led lab cell and rat studies only) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: a synthetic short peptide (Lys-Glu, "KE") from V. Kh. Khavinson's "peptide bioregulator" program in St. Petersburg, promoted for immune and anti-aging effects. It is also reported as a component of the thymus extract thymalin. What the evidence says: no human trials found. Developer-led lab work reports chromatin (DNA-packaging) changes in white blood cells from very old people, and rat studies report stress-resistance and sexual-function effects. Biggest risks: unknown. No human safety data were found. Unknown Gray-market vials add quality risks. Rating Human Human evidence No human data (lab-dish tests on human cells are not human evidence) Animal Animal / lab evidence Reported (developer-led): lab-dish chromatin and rat studies Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · Russia: registration status UNVERIFIED · WADA 2026: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. Study details lists what studies used where reported Evidence verdict: Human: No human data Card verdict: No human data (immune & aging claims rest on developer-led lab cell and rat studies only) Card note: Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:12587272, PMID:15085253, PMID:17152729, PMID:37686182

### VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Aviptadil)
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vip/
- **Verdict Summary:** VIP (Aviptadil): What the evidence says: Moderate (erectile dysfunction, two-drug injection with phentolamine) · Solo VIP for ARDS, PAH, sarcoidosis, CIRS: Very limited (mixed results) · Subcutaneous wellness shots: No human data (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-24).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Evidence verdict: - Moderate for erectile dysfunction as the prescription two-drug intracavernosal (injected into the side of the penis) injection Invicorp (aviptadil + phentolamine mesilate) (2 randomized placebo-controlled trials totaling 465 evaluated men and 1 randomized crossover trial of 187 men vs alprostadil; applies only to the two-drug penile injection with phentolamine, not to solo gray-market VIP ) - Very limited (mixed results) for COVID-19 acute respiratory failure / ARDS (the NIH-funded Phase 3 ACTIV-3b/TESICO randomized trial in 461 critically ill patients stopped early for futility with no recovery or survival benefit; a sponsor-funded 196-patient IV randomized trial missed its prespecified primary endpoint; a small 80-patient inhaled trial reported a borderline 1-day shorter hospital stay) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (2 small unblinded studies of 8 and 20 patients reported walk-distance or acute catheter changes, but a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial found no improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance ) - Very limited for chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis (1 open-label single-arm study of 20 patients measuring cough and lung-lavage immune markers) and Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS / "mold illness") (zero randomized controlled trials; only 1 unblinded 20-patient single-clinic case series) - No human data (nothing at all in controlled human trials) for subcutaneous gray-market VIP injections or general brain-fog, longevity, and immune wellness claims Evidence verdict: Erectile dysfunction (Invicorp two-drug penile injection with phentolamine only, not solo VIP): Moderate · COVID-19 respiratory failure (ARDS) and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Very limited (mixed results) · Sarcoidosis and CIRS ("mold illness"): Very limited · Subcutaneous gray-market injections: No human data (nothing at all) Card verdict: Moderate (erectile dysfunction, two-drug injection with phentolamine) · Solo VIP for ARDS, PAH, sarcoidosis, CIRS: Very limited (mixed results) · Subcutaneous wellness shots: No human data Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice. What it is A naturally occurring 28-amino-acid neuropeptide and vasodilator found in the gut, lungs, nervous system, and genital smooth muscle; synthetic human VIP is called aviptadil . Who takes it Patients in "mold illness" (CIRS) and integrative clinics using compounded nasal sprays; buyers using gray-market subcutaneous vials for chronic fatigue, brain fog, or autoimmune symptoms; men in parts of Europe and the UK prescribed the two-drug penile injection Invicorp . Does it work? Solo VIP has never succeeded in a definitive randomized controlled trial. In severe COVID-19 respiratory failure, the large NIH-funded Phase 3 trial (461 patients) showed no benefit on recovery or survival. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, a randomized Phase 2 trial failed to confirm early open-label reports. For "mold illness" (CIRS), there are no randomized trials —only one unblinded 20-patient clinic report. The only proven prescription product ( Invicorp ) combines aviptadil with a second drug ( phentolamine ) injected directly into the penis for erectile dysfunction. Is it safe? Because VIP is a potent vasodilator (blood-vessel relaxer) and gut fluid stimulator, IV infusions cause low blood pressure (hypotension) and watery diarrhea significantly more often than placebo. Invicorp frequently causes facial flushing (34%) and occasional prolonged erection (priapism). Inhaled VIP in one pulmonary hypertension trial was associated with anti-VIP autoantibodies in some patients. Is it legal? US: No FDA-approved drug contains VIP; listed in FDA 503A Category 1 (under evaluation for patient-specific compounding; not on the 503B list). Europe / UK: Approved only as the two-drug intracavernosal injection Invicorp (aviptadil + phentolamine) in several national registers including the UK, France, and Sweden. WADA: Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List, though S0 (Non-Approved Substances) applies to unapproved solo VIP products.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:10233493, PMID:10356669, PMID:12727925, PMID:17875241, PMID:18978135, PMID:20442436, PMID:22467806, PMID:27133570, PMID:36044317, PMID:37348524, PMID:39870064

### VK2735
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/vk2735/
- **Verdict Summary:** VK2735: What the evidence says: Limited (weight, injection) · Oral tablet: Very limited (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-25).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance What it is: an experimental lab-made peptide that acts on two hormone receptors, GLP-1 (the target of semaglutide) and GIP (a second gut hormone), like tirzepatide. Viking is testing both an injection and a tablet. What the evidence says: one short phase 2 injection trial, run by Viking, found clearly more weight loss than placebo (a dummy treatment) in adults with obesity and no diabetes. Results for the tablet come only from the company. Biggest risks: stomach side effects. The published trial was short, so long-term safety, heart outcomes and whether weight stays off are unknown. Gray-market vials add unknown identity, strength and purity. Human Human evidence (weight, injection) Limited: one short phase 2 RCT (randomized controlled trial; 176 people, no diabetes), run and paid for by Viking; no phase 3 results Human Human evidence (weight, tablet) Very limited: one phase 2 trial reported only by the company and at a conference; no peer-reviewed paper found Human Type 2 diabetes, heart outcomes Not rated: trials in people with diabetes are running and have no results; no heart-outcome trial found Animal Animal evidence Not rated here Regulatory Not FDA-approved (no Drugs@FDA record) · EU, Japan, China: UNVERIFIED not checked against EMA, PMDA or NMPA · WADA: not named; S0 (unapproved substances) likely applies Established human dose None. There is no label. Trial study arms are listed only in Study details Evidence verdict: Human (weight, injection): Limited · Human (weight, tablet): Very limited · Type 2 diabetes and heart: not rated · Animal: not rated here Card verdict: Limited (weight, injection) · Oral tablet: Very limited Card note: Varies by use, see page This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:41508550

### The "Wolverine" blend
- **Canonical URL:** https://openpeptideproject.org/library/wolverine/
- **Verdict Summary:** Wolverine blend: What the evidence says: No human data (BPC-157 + TB-500 blend never studied together in humans or animals) (Open Peptide Project Evidence Library, last checked 2026-10-15).
- **At a Glance:** At a glance Caution Two different molecules are sold as "TB-500." The real TB-500 is a 7-amino-acid fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ). Some sellers list a formula and weight (about 4,963 g/mol) under "TB-500" that belong to the full 43-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) protein , and some contradict themselves on the same page. Research on one doesn't automatically apply to the other, and human trials used only the full protein. Check which one a label describes. See TB-500 . What it is: a gray-market vial that sellers say mixes two peptides: BPC-157 and TB-500. Seller-listed amounts vary and are in the contents section below (label amounts, not doses). Some sell the same mix as a plain "BPC-157/TB-500 blend." The contents are the seller's claim, not verified fact. What the evidence says: the blend itself has never been studied, in animals or people. Each part has its own thin evidence, covered on its own page. Biggest risks: two unknowns in one vial, plus uncertainty about which "TB-500" molecule is inside. Each ingredient is another chance for the wrong compound, wrong amount or contamination, and no one has studied how they act together. Both ingredients are reported to promote new blood vessel growth, a theoretical tumor concern. Rating Human Human evidence (the blend) No human data (nothing at all: the blend has never been studied in people or animals) Animal Animal evidence (the blend) No animal data (the blend has never been studied in animals) Human BPC-157 alone, in people Very limited Human TB-500 fragment alone, in people No human data (animal and lab studies only) Regulatory Not FDA-approved · both components WADA-banned (BPC-157, TB-500) Established human dose Unknown Unknown Evidence verdict: Blend in people: No human data (nothing at all) · Blend in animals: No animal data · Each ingredient is rated on its own page Card verdict: No human data (BPC-157 + TB-500 blend never studied together in humans or animals) This page reports what studies used. It is not dosing advice.
- **Key PubMed Citations:** PMID:22856429, PMID:22962027, PMID:27847966, PMID:32334036, PMID:38382158, PMID:42757290