Evidence library

Plain-language summaries of published clinical, animal, and regulatory evidence across 81 peptides and related compounds, for education and harm reduction. Not medical advice, and never a recommendation to use anything.

  • BPC-157: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (3 small uncontrolled clinic reports) · Controlled human trials for tendon, muscle, or gut healing: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • 5-Amino-1MQ: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (weight loss, fat loss & muscle claims rest on mouse and cell studies only). Animal/lab only, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Amycretin (Zenagamtide): What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in early phase 1b/2 trials; phase 3 starting). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • AOD-9604: What the evidence says No human data
    Tested, not shown (oral weight loss) · Injected weight loss, joints, muscle: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • ARA-290 (cibinetide): What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (sarcoidosis nerve symptoms, type 2 diabetes, macular edema) · Healing & recovery in healthy people: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Bronchogen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data · No published human studies of the marketed use (bronchitis/COPD). No published human study tests the bronchitis/COPD use it is sold for; rat-model work only. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Cagrilintide: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (weight, alone) · Type 2 diabetes (alone): Very limited. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • CagriSema: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in phase 3 trials; not yet FDA-approved). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Cardiogen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (heart-repair claims rest on developer-led rat tissue and cell studies only). Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Cartalax: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (cartilage). No published study tests the cartilage or joint use it is sold for. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Cerebrolysin: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (stroke recovery, mixed results) · Nootropic use: No human data. Varies by use, see page. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Chonluten: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (lungs/bronchi). No published study tests the lung or bronchial use it is sold for. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • CJC-1295: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (raises growth hormone & IGF-1, DAC version) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, anti-aging, or no-DAC version: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Cortexin: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (ischemic stroke) · Nootropic use: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Crystagen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (immune claims rest on rodent and lab cell studies only). Rodent and lab studies only; no human trials found. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Dapiglutide: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (one small phase 1 trial showed no significant weight loss; program paused Nov 2025). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Dihexa: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (rat/mouse cognitive studies only; key mechanism paper retracted in 2025). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide): What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (chronic insomnia, mixed results; alcohol/opioid withdrawal) · Injected sleep, recovery, longevity: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Efinopegdutide: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (liver fat and weight) · Type 2 diabetes: Very limited (mixed results). Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Epitalon: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (sleep and melatonin) · Telomeres, longevity, and anti-aging in people: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Epithalamin: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (aging, developer-led Russian cohorts). Gray-market "epithalamin" or "epitalon" vials are a different product from the Russian extract in these studies. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • FOXO4-DRI: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (senolytic anti-aging claims rest on mouse and dish studies only). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • GHK-Cu: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (topical skin creams, mixed results) · Injected use: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • GHRP-6: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (IV diagnostic test for GH deficiency) · Acute GH release: Limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing, anti-aging: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • GLOW blend: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (multi-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500 & GHK-Cu never studied together in humans or animals). Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Glutathione: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (IV chemotherapy nerve protection) · Skin lightening (oral/topical): Limited · Subcutaneous wellness/detox shots: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Gonadorelin: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (pump treatment for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) · Bodybuilding/PCT use: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): What the evidence says No human data
    Labeled uses (FDA-approved): not rated here · Post-steroid recovery: Very limited · Weight loss: Very limited (mixed results). Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Hexarelin: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (acute GH release / endocrine testing) · Body composition, heart LVEF, short stature: Very limited · Muscle, fat loss, healing: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Humanin: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (neuroprotection & longevity claims rest on animal and cell studies only). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • IGF-1 LR3: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (muscle & fat-loss claims untested in humans; engineered to resist normal IGF-1 binding). Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Ipamorelin: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (short-term GH release; post-surgery gut recovery, mixed results) · Muscle, fat loss, recovery, sleep, anti-aging: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Ipamorelin + CJC-1295: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (combined stack untested together; each raises GH briefly without proven clinical outcomes). Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Kisspeptin-10: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (short-term LH & testosterone rise in lab studies) · Libido, fertility, muscle, energy: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Kisspeptin-54: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (IVF egg-maturation trigger) · Gray-market uses: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • KLOW blend: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (4-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu & KPV never studied together in humans or animals). Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • KPV: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (gut inflammation & skin claims rest on mouse colitis and cell studies only). Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Larazotide: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (celiac disease symptoms, mixed results) · "Leaky gut" use: No human data. Varies by use, see page. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Liraglutide: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (approved uses: weight management, type 2 diabetes) · Gray-market vials: No human data. Gray-market vials are not the approved product, see page. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Livagen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (liver & chromatin claims rest on developer-led lab and animal studies only). Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • LL-37: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (topical leg & foot ulcers, mixed results; intratumoral melanoma) · Injected immune, gut, healing, anti-aging: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • MariTide (Maridebart Cafraglutide): What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (monthly injection for weight loss & type 2 diabetes in one phase 2 trial; phase 3 ongoing). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Mazdutide: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (weight loss & type 2 diabetes in Chinese phase 3 trials; approved in China, not FDA-approved). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Melanotan I (afamelanotide): What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (EPP sun intolerance, FDA-approved implant Scenesse) · Tanning, vitiligo, stroke: Very limited · Sunburn & skin cancer prevention in healthy people: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Melanotan II: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (erections in men, short-term tanning) · Long-term tanning safety & skin cancer prevention: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • MGF / PEG-MGF (mechano growth factor): What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (muscle-repair claims rest on animal and cell studies only). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • MK-677 (ibutamoren): What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (raises GH/IGF-1 and lean mass) · Gray-market use: No human data. Not a peptide: an oral ghrelin-receptor agonist. Varies by use, see page. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • MOTS-c: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (metabolic & exercise claims rest on mouse studies; untested as a human treatment). Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • NAD+: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (oral NR/NMN raising blood NAD+) · Oral health outcomes: Limited · IV NAD+: Very limited · Injected NAD+: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Orforglipron: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (weight; FDA-approved as Foundayo) · Type 2 diabetes: Moderate. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Ovagen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data · No published studies of the marketed use (liver). No published study tests the liver or digestive use it is sold for. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Oxytocin: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (labor induction & postpartum bleeding, FDA-approved IV/IM) · Weight loss & autism: Tested, not shown · Trust & mood: Very limited (mixed results) · Anti-aging: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • P21 (P021): What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (cognitive claims rest on Alzheimer's-model mouse studies from the developing lab). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Pancragen: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (type 2 diabetes, one small Russian study). Developer-led Russian study only, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Pemvidutide: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (MASH) · Weight: Very limited. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Pinealon: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (oral capsules in Russian cognitive/occupational cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, stroke, TBI: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Prostamax: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (prostate claims rest on rat tissue and white-blood-cell dish studies only). Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • PT-141 (bremelanotide): What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (HSDD in premenopausal women, FDA-approved as Vyleesi) · Men: Very limited · Postmenopausal women, performance, tanning: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Retatrutide: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis & liver fat in phase 2/3 trials; not FDA-approved). Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Selank: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (generalized anxiety, small Russian trials) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Semaglutide: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes, MASH, heart & kidney protection; FDA-approved as Ozempic, Wegovy & Rybelsus). Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Semax: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (acute ischemic stroke, small Russian studies) · Brain fMRI (single dose): Very limited · Nootropic/wellness use: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Sermorelin: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (pituitary diagnostic test, former FDA approval) · Childhood GH deficiency: Limited · Adult anti-aging, body composition, energy: Very limited. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Setmelanotide: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (approved use: rare genetic obesity) · General or gray-market weight loss: No human data. Gray-market vials are not the approved product, see page. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • SNAP-8: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (topical multi-ingredient wrinkle creams) · Subcutaneous injection of gray-market vials: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • SS-31 (elamipretide): What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (Barth syndrome, FDA accelerated approval; heart failure, myopathy, eye diseases: mixed results) · Energy, endurance, anti-aging in healthy people: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Survodutide: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (weight) · MASH and type 2 diabetes: Limited. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • TB-500 and thymosin beta-4: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (full Thymosin beta-4 protein, topical/eye drops) · TB-500 fragment or injected healing/recovery: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Tesamorelin: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (HIV belly fat, FDA-approved as Egrifta) · HIV fatty liver: Limited · General fat loss or anti-aging without HIV: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Tesofensine: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (weight loss, phase 2 trial under expression of concern). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Testagen: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (testicular claims untested; only studied in pituitary-removed birds). No study found tests the testicular use the product is sold for. Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Thymalin: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (Russian clinical cohorts, developer-led). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin): What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (hepatitis B/C, COVID-19, vaccine response; mixed results) · Sepsis: Tested, not shown · Immune support, anti-aging, recovery in healthy people: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Thymulin: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (immune claims rest on mouse injection studies and human endogenous blood-level studies). Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Tirzepatide: What the evidence says Strong
    Strong (weight loss, type 2 diabetes & obstructive sleep apnea; FDA-approved as Mounjaro & Zepbound). Last checked 2026-10-15.
  • Triptorelin: What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (prostate cancer testosterone suppression) · Early puberty: Limited · Post-cycle therapy: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Vesugen: What the evidence says Very limited
    Very limited (oral capsules in Russian vascular/aging cohorts) · Injected vials, Alzheimer's, longevity: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • Vilon: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (immune & aging claims rest on developer-led lab cell and rat studies only). Animal/lab data only (developer-led), see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • VIP (Aviptadil): What the evidence says Moderate
    Moderate (erectile dysfunction, two-drug injection with phentolamine) · Solo VIP for ARDS, PAH, sarcoidosis, CIRS: Very limited (mixed results) · Subcutaneous wellness shots: No human data. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-24.
  • VK2735: What the evidence says Limited
    Limited (weight, injection) · Oral tablet: Very limited. Varies by use, see page Last checked 2026-10-25.
  • Wolverine blend: What the evidence says No human data
    No human data (BPC-157 + TB-500 blend never studied together in humans or animals). Last checked 2026-10-15.

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